Police Misconduct Essay

What is police misconduct? It can be defined as any action performed by a law enforcement officer that is unethical by established employment guidelines, unconstitutional, or a crime with in itself. When people hear the term â€Å"police misconduct† they automatically think of a police officer using unnecessary force against a civilian. While that is a form of police misconduct it is not only form. Throughout this paper I will bring light to the many types of police misconduct that can happen in the law enforcement industry. While being a police officer, you have guidelines and rules that you need to follow just as if you worked as a chef or even a sales associate you have rules and regulations to follow while at the work place. For police officers though, the rules and regulation still apply while being off duty. Police enforcement officers may use their powers of arrest while off duty, and because of the danger of abusing those powers can cause to individuals and the community, police officers are supposed to be held to a higher standard of conduct, both on duty and off duty, than members of other occupations. Police misconduct can be broken down into 3 categories. Civil, procedural, and criminal. Which means a violation in department policies, a violation in constitutional protections or a violation of the law itself. Not to say that two can’t be broken in one action or even all three at once. Many departments have what is called a â€Å"use of force continuum† which establishes the rule s on what type of force is permissible in response to specific actions that a suspect may perform. These policies are different from department to department. Some may permit officers to use force at the slightest sign of resistance yet others may specifically state that officers may not deploy certain types of force in response to resistance. One type of police misconduct can be the use of excessive force. This means that while a police officer is arresting a person, they use force that is not needed in taking the person in. This can happen in the form of beating a person while making the arrest or using any unnecessary force against the person.  Sometimes police beatings can be racially based or can happen due to an argument between the officer and the person. The use of excessive force in the law enforcement industry is not tolerated in any form. If a police officer is found guilty in using unnecessary force on a person they will be terminated from their job. Using unnecessary force is one of the more know types of police misconduct being that when excessive force is used on a person there is normally charges pressed on the officer and the case is brought into court and therefore into the media. Another type of police misconduct is sexual harassment. This would be when a officer sexually harasses a male or female indi vidual. Most sexual harassment case are from a male officer to a female victim. Some police officers like to take advantage of their authority and will go as far to rape individuals just because they feel that the fact that they are a police officer, they will be able to get away with it. A report done in 2010 showed that 6,613 law enforcement officers throughout the United States were involved with police misconduct. 9.3% was sexual harassment charges of police misconduct. Officer-involved sexual misconduct describes an entire subset of police misconduct that includes non criminal complaints such as consensual sexual activity that occurs while an officer is on-duty, sexual harassment, up to felonys of sexual assault or child molestation. Sexual misconduct was the second most common type of misconduct reported throughout 2010. 618 officers involved in sexual misconduct complaints during that time, 354 were involved in complaints that involved forcible non-consensual sexual activity such as sexual assault or sexual battery. Of the 479 alleged victims of serious s exual misconduct which were tracked, 52%, or 249 were minors and 48%, or 230 were adults. This would indicate that minors are victims of alleged serial offenders more often than adults. Of the 354 officers involved with serious sexual misconduct reports, 56 law enforcement officers were involved in allegations where multiple victims were involved. Another type of police misconduct is known as kickback or bribery. Police officers have numerous opportunities to take financial advantage of those with whom they have dealings. Kickbacks and bribery could come from a store owner who would like extra protection, or from a drug dealer who wants an officer to look the other way. Many police officers get bribed throughout their career. Bribing a police officer is a automatic felony by law. You may not offer a police  officer any amount of money in exchange for a service. Police officers who get caught accepting the bribe will be prosecuted. Recently in Suffolk County a sergeant was found take money from people he believed to be illegal immigrants. He was doing that because he kne w they wouldn’t come forward about the wrongful acts at risk of being sent back to their country. A undercover Spanish police officer was sent out to get pulled over by the sergeant and he did in fact take a 100$ bill from the Spanish undercover and it was caught on camera. SCPD kindly let the sergeant, who has more than 20 years on duty, retire, before he was arrested. He is awaiting trail and could face up to 20 years. Being that he targeted Spanish individuals, he could be charged with a hate crime. In conclusion, Police misconduct is low in the United States because most officers know that they are held at a high level than most members in society, and should be setting a positive example. Police officers also know that just because they have more powers than most individuals they should not be taking advantage of them to benefit personally. Although police misconduct is still a problem that will never totally be fixed, police departments should have harder rules and enforce the law harder on law enforcement officers. By letting Officers retire so they don’t lose their pension before they go on trial to me is wrong and not a way to stop police misconduct.

Bandura Theory of Social Learning

Learning is a social process and we learn through interaction with others in our day to day life. Prior to 1960, theories of learning were heavily influenced by behaviorist and cognitivist theories. But Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another – via observation, imitation, and modeling. The social learning theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it includes attention, memory, and motivation.As a result it is sometimes called social cognitive learning. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people known as observational learning (or modeling). The social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attit udes and emotional reactions of others. Thus it focuses on learning by observation and modeling. Social learning theory talks about how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. It focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another.In Social Context Behavioral factors + Cognitive factors -> Social LearningMeaning : According to Albert Bandura (1977), â€Å"In social learning theory, behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.† Social learning is the process in which individuals observe the behavior of others and its consequences, and modify their own behavior accordingly.Bandura’s theory of social learning : Basic Social Learning Concepts There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory. 1) Learning through observation 2) Intrinsic Reinforcement 3) Change in behavior is not necessary for learning 1) Learning through Observation (Observational Learning) :In 1961, Bandura demonstrated the now-famous Bobo doll experiments. The Bobo doll is a child-sized inflatable doll with a weighted bottom that causes it to pop back up after being knocked down. In the first stage of these studies, preschool-aged children were divided into three groups: one group that observed an adult (model) behaving aggressively towards the Bobo doll (punching, kicking, striking with a mallet, yelling), another group that observed the adult playing peacefully, and a control group. Each participant viewed their assigned scenario individually.Later, the child was allowed to play independently in the play room which contained a variety of aggressive and non-aggressive toys, including the Bobo doll. Participants’ acts of verbal and physical aggression toward the Bobo doll were then recorded. Results revealed significant group differences, such that children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely t o imitate what they had seen and behave aggressively toward the doll. Bandura argued that the results supported that children could rapidly acquire novel behaviors through the process of observation and imitation, and this occurred even in the absence of any kind of reinforcement.In a 1963, Bandura demonstrated that children imitated aggressive behavior witnessed on video, in addition to live observation, and children also imitated aggressive behaviors enacted by a cartoon character. (In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people.The children in Bandura’s studies observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed.)Social learning theory draws heavily on the concept of modeling, Bandura identified three types of models:1) Live model : An ac tual person is demonstrating the desired behavior.2) Verbal instructional Model : An individual explains and describes the desired behavior in details.3) Symbolic Model : Modeling occurs by means of the media including movies, television, Internet, literature and radio.Stimuli can be either real or fictional characters. Mental States are important to learning (Intrinsic  Reinforcement) An additional study, published in 1965, showed that witnessing the model being punished for the aggressive behavior decreased the likelihood that children would imitate the behavior, a process he referred to as vicarious reinforcement. At the same time, Bandura noted that internal rewards such as pride, satisfaction, sense of accomplishment also influence the learning which he described as intrinsic reinforcement.Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behaviour : While behaviorist believed that learning led to a permanent change in behaviour, social learning demonstrates that people can l earn new information without demonstrating new behaviours.Key Principles of social learning theory : 1) Learning is not purely behavioral; rather, it is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context.2) Learning can occur by observing a behavior and by observing the consequences of the behavior (vicarious reinforcement).3) Learning involves observation, extraction of information from those observations, and making decisions about the performance of the behavior (observational learning or modeling). Thus, learning can occur without an observable change in behavior.4) Reinforcement plays a role in learning but is not entirely responsible for learning.5) The learner is not a passive recipient of information. Cognition, environment, and behavior all mutually influence each other (reciprocal determinism).The Modeling Process : Not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Factors involving both the model and the learner can play a role in whether social learning is succes sful. Certain requirements and steps must also be followed. The following steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process: 1) Attention: â€Å"I Never seen or thought this Before†In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that detracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. 2) Retention: â€Å"I Figured Out What I have to do†The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning. 3) Reproduction: â€Å"Why Not Do It? It Worked Out Fine for others† Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Furt her practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement. 4) Motivation: â€Å"This action is giving me satisfaction†Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation. While experiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so can observing other experience some type of reinforcement or punishment. For example, if you see another student rewarded with extra credit for being to class on time, you might start to show up a few minutes early each day. Vicarious reinforcement – behavior is acceptableVicarious punishment – behavior is unacceptable Implications Learning by observation (models): students learn simply by observing other people. Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviors. Instead of using shaping, which is operant conditioning, modeling can provide a f aster, more efficient means for teaching new behavior. To promote effective modeling a teacher must make sure that the four essential conditions exist; attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. Cognition plays a role in learningLearning can occur without change in behavior Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they don’t model inappropriate ones. Teachers should expose students to a variety of other models. Students must believe that they are capable of accomplishing school tasks. Teachers should help students set realistic expectations for their academic accomplishments. Self-regulation techniques provide effective methods for improving behavior. Describing the consequences of behavior increases appropriate behavior and decreases inappropriate ones. ExamplesAdvertisements/TV commercials are the most common examples of Social Learning Theory. We observe (watch) them, and then copy them. Commercials suggest that drinking a cer tain beverage or using a particular shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), we may model the behavior shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. Language learning is another common example of Social Learning Theory. A student tries to imitate or mimic his/her teacher while the teacher demonstrates.Conclusion :In addition to influencing other psychologists, Bandura's social learning theory has had important implication in the field of education. The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura (1925) has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. Today, both teachers and parents recognize the importance of modeling appropriate behaviors. Other classroom strategies such as encouraging children and building self-efficacy are also rooted in social learning theory.Social learning theory posits that knowledge acquisition is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. In addition to the observation of behavior, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as of vicarious reinforcement.

Human resource Management outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resource Management outline - Essay Example A majority of organizations would do exceedingly well if they integrated an efficient human resource management policies and practices. The latter would enable them to address the challenges faced by the professionals in the field and their daily routines. Also, it is a step in countering the goals set by the organization. However, this is not the case since not all the organizations value the role that the human resource management would play and the benefits that come with its acceptance into the business. The research will focus on how human resource management can aid in developing competitive advantage, particularly when aligned with a firm’s competitive tactic. I will further contest how Human Resource Management policies influence employees’ skills and motivations by contrasting two different companies and providing analytical examples to exemplify the various standings (Mazurek, 2015). The research will also seek to illustrate contradictory statements and why HRM policies fail by providing summaries to demonstrate each effect. The terms used at present in this paper include HRM referring to Human Resource Management The efficiency of a firm depends significantly on the abilities of employees to work on a common goal and the efficient utilization of resources. These measures cannot get achieved without developing a Human Resource department that needs to develop and identify the best human resource policies (Armstrong, 1999). The recruitment and facilitation of employee skills require a dedicated and well equipped HRM department. However, the success of the human resource department depends on the dedication of all stakeholders and without these the policies are bound to fail. Attaining objectives and the firm’s mission statement requires the cooperation and coordination of HRM policies with the top management. Through these

CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

CSR - Essay Example The recent years have witnessed mounting pressures from various stakeholder groups for corporations to incorporate sustainability into their supply chain management procedures. Sustainable or green supply chain management can be roughly defined as the management of all activities right from the purchase from suppliers to taking back the disposed product from the customers with a special focus on improving the social and environmental impacts of those activities (Business Guide, 2003). This can be contrasted with the conventional supply chain management focused only on the activities until delivery of manufactured products or services to the customers. Therefore, the environmental responsibility has drifted away from the consumer to the manufacturer and retailer (Business Guide, 2003). However, research has suggested that companies require not only the internal capacities, resources and corporate culture to achieve sustainability but also an ‘external fit’ to achieve stra tegic collaboration with their suppliers (Kanter, 1994) which presents a challenge to companies embracing this philosophy. Furthermore, the grey area surrounding the definition of ‘sustainability’ and ‘green supply chain’ means that sustainable SCM has to be discussed in terms of reverse logistics, closed loop supply chain and various other drivers. There are several drivers for a sustainable supply chain management primarily because of the related benefits to various stakeholders. These include government Regulations, Market forces, Customers, Investors and Employees. The government owns the primary responsibility to influence supply chain sustainability. Government can achieve progress on this by effective use of bans, subsidies and incentives. The government can come up with measures such as environmental labels, licenses and product design guidelines (Business Guide, pp. 42). There are already a number of regulations in place for sustainability. These i nclude U.S. Farm security and rural investment act (2002), European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), China ROHS, E.U. Cosmetics directive, E.U. Packaging Directive, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and REACH. In addition there are International Standards such as WRAP, FLA, ICTI CARE, ISO 14000 and ISO 26000 for addressing environmental causes (Business for Social Responsibility, 2007). As far as the market forces are concerned, the relationship between brand owners and retailers is changing. Big retailers such as Wal-Mart have a huge clout over the manufacturers and control the types of products they want to keep on their shelves. In addition, the retailers and brand owners are also under tremendous pressure from NGOs and other organizations working for environmental causes. As far as the customers are concerned, there is a long way to go before the customer becomes mature enough to buy only environment friendly products. However, the shift has already begun and the customers are willing to spend a few extra dollars to promote or support green supply chain initiatives. WholeFoods charges higher prices for its products than a retailer such as Wal-Mart but is still acceptable to customers because of the sustainable practices being followed in the manufacturing of those products. Furthermore, there are several socially

Kim by rudyard kipling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kim by rudyard kipling - Essay Example and does not inform of Kim’s future move, it provides closure because the redemption at the end offers a solution to all the conflict the novel raises. The ending of Kipling’s novel is very abrupt and may not seem to be coherent because the narration shifted all of a sudden from the painstaking journey in the hills, mountains and plains to an â€Å"I† voice that presents the River of the Arrows. This form of revelation seems to be supernatural and divine because there is no physical connection between the last location of the characters and the river. The voice said: â€Å"‘The River! Take heed to the River!’ and I looked down upon all the world, which was as I had seen it before –one in time, one in place – and I saw plainly the River of the Arrow at my feet† (Kipling 264). After all the time, energy and effort spent searching, the river is finally here like in a dream. Moreover, the â€Å"I† narration at the end is also confusing because the identity of the speaker is not revealed. At times, it seems like the lama is talking, but sometimes, it looks like that Kim or any of th e other characters may be the narrator. This confusion at the end foregrounds that what happens may be a revelation that does not need further explanation because it is divine. However, despite the confusion and lack of coherence, the result is clear and shows that the lama has found his river and has been cleansed of his sins: â€Å"‘I saw the River below me – the River of the Arrow –and, descending, the waters of it closed over me; and behold I was again in the body of Teshoo Lama, but free from sin, and the hakim from Decca bore up my head in the waters of the River. It is here! It is behind the mango-tope here – even here!’† (Kipling 264) This redemption of the lama is very important to the story and to the meaning it is trying to convey. Despite this disruptive ending, Kipling’s novel provides closure because the redemption at the end proposes a solution to the

Engineering project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Engineering project management - Assignment Example ble (installing a new machine’s base) will not be produced on time and with budget if necessary corrections actions are taken on time (Panneerselvam & Senthilkumar 2009). However, according to company, the project must go on and the base must be completed on time otherwise the organization will suffer dire consequences which may include losing its customers. It is therefore it is suggested that in order that the expanded project is completed on time, adjustments must be made of the project cost. That is, the organization and/or the contractor should employ more man power and equipment to work on the project within remaining period of time. This increase the rate at which the work will be done and increasing chances of completing the project on time. (Word count: 218) Due to safety concerns associated with asbestos, the scope of the project is likely to be changed (removal of the existing duct and its contents). The changing of the scope would mean that other constrains such as time and cost will be adjusted accordingly (Kanda 2011). This means that the project deliverable (installing a new machine’s base) will not be produced on time. The consequence of not completing this project on time is dire to the company since the organization might lose an important order, and due to the cost investment made on the new equipment the organization might be forced to close down. This means that delaying the installation of the base of the new machine is not an option for the organization. Employees are amongst the most important elements for organizations; therefore, there health should be made priority (CCH 2009). In addition, safety of environments in which employees work must conform to occupational safety and health standards (Lingard & Rowlinson 2005). Compromising the health of workers by making them work alongside these asbestos ducts would affect health, and consequently their productivity will also be affected (CCH 2009). The organization may also risk being

Business strategy in transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business strategy in transport - Essay Example In this context, it can be observed that the economic recession alike many other industries had affected airline industry as well. It can also be observed that apart from a number of benefits prevalent in the EU for starting a new airline service provider, there are certain difficulties that requires to be considered such as uncertain economic scenario, credit crunch, fluctuating fuel price and unpredictable environmental and climatic conditions. Due to these uncertainties, a few full-service airlines in the EU had suffered losses. Despite these certain hindrances the growth prospects which have been observed in the EU region has opened up opportunities for low cost service providers such as Ryan Air and EasyJet. In the EU there is a tremendous prospect of improvement in travel and tourism sector which will provide added growth prospect for a new airline service provider. Low cost operators can make the most of the existing and prospective scenario to leverage benefit out of it (Case Study, n.d.). Therefore, it can be observed that in the existing scenario in the EU, the low-cost operators are being able to earn profits for the shareholders. In this context, the research paper intends to critically examine the prospects of an entrepreneur who endeavours to set up a low cost scheduled airline within the EU. The route that has been selected is between London and Amsterdam. It is identified to be one of the most popular routes on a worldwide basis (Patrikarakos, 2009). The research paper will subsequently attempt to analyse the existing business environment to identify potential barriers to the intended business venture. Critical Analysis of the Business Prospect The intended business venture of the optimistic entrepreneur is towards starting a new low-cost scheduled airline service. From the provided case study, it can be observed that in the present economic context (post-recessionary period), there is a substantial growth prospect for establishing business in t he new venture. It can also be identified that in the present context, in the EU region, there are certain obstacles and losses faced by full service carrier due to few prevailing conditions. Therefore, the most promising growth prospect that can be identified is for the low-cost service carriers. The intended business venture can be started in not only the EU but also throughout the world i.e. Amsterdam to London route, which can be one of the most growth prospect oriented routes According to the intention of the entrepreneur, the new scheduled service will provide low-cost airline service in this particular route only at the inception. It can also be stated that the demand for service is at the optimum level in this route. Thus, a new service has tremendous opportunity to acquire benefits out of the growth prospect which can be from business travellers as well as leisure travellers who are likely to use the services provided by the new low-cost scheduled airline service (Patrikara kos, 2009). The two airports that can be selected for the scheduled airline service are Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, which is the prime international airport of the Netherlands, and Heathrow Airport of London, which is one of the busiest airports in not only the UK but also in the world (ACI World, 2011). In this context, it can be identified that the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is situated mere 14 km outside the city of Amsterdam. The

Punishment compare btween islamic law and american law Research Paper

Punishment compare btween islamic law and american law - Research Paper Example es, Landlord/tenant disputes, property disputes, personal injury, tariff violations, additional rate violations, and hate speech under American law (Gardner and Anderson, 2011). B. financial punishment may result from offences like fraudulent dealings, corruption, and mismanagement of public funds, tax evasions, abuse of office, failure to present audited accounts among other financial offences under American law. A. Under the American law, civil punishment comes in form of civil penalties, administrative and individual sanctions, and disposition of property (Cornell University Law School, 2012), revocation of permits and licenses, compensations, suspension of licenses, retrenching offenders, and putting injunctions (Cole and Smith, 2007). I find that there are huge differences between the rendering of civil and financial punishments using the American and Islamic law. I however, hold a higher opinion to punishments based on American

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Philosophy - Essay Example Plato’s apology presents to us a speech delivered by Socrates in his own defense at his trial. Apology here is not a statement of regret requesting pardon, but it is a formal statement of justification or defense.The charges leveled against Socrates was that â€Å"he was failing to acknowledge the city’s Gods, introducing new divinities and corrupting its youth â€Å" (Plato: The last days of Socrates. 2003. p.33). These were serious charges but Socrates did not make efforts to defend himself. It is said that he had bred insubordination and utter contempt for authority. It seemed evident that Socrates could do nothing for his own defense without compromising his principles, he is held out as a person whose â€Å" high moral principles is confronted step by step with a situation from where there is no escape† (Plato: The last days of Socrates. 2003. p.38). Socrates views on death are clear. He believed that once a person has taken a stand, based on the call of h is conscience on what he felt was best to him morally, then he is constrained to hold his post and face the situation, irrespective â€Å"of death or anything else before dishonour† (Plato: The last days of Socrates. 2003. p.54). Socrates having been condemned to death, still believes that a good man can suffer no evil. His philosophy was that no man knowingly does wrong and that men did evil only out of ignorance. But his opponents believed that men did wrong despite knowing what was morally correct, which is not very difficult to believe. Socrates has himself said that he is not a processor of knowledge that others lacked and everyone knows what is morally correct and what is not yet crimes are committed. So here it seems that Socrates is contradicting himself. Before his conviction he claimed that people should look to death with confidence. If the contrary is true, they will be considered unwise, as

Reading Is a Skill Essay Example for Free

Reading Is a Skill Essay Reading is a necessary skill in your everyday life. We use it to discover new things; books, magazines and internet. It requires the ability to read and understand what is read. It is fundamental to function in today’s society. If you don’t read well no matter who you are, you have a hard time in life. Reading is a vital skill in finding a job. In order to have a job, you need to know how to read mainly English. Reading is important because it develops the mind. The mind is a muscle, it needs exercise. Reading is necessary for men and women of all ages and it is used in everyday life. Reading is fundamental to function in todays society. Reading is used in everyday life; we read signs, instructions on a medicine bottle, and filling out applications. There are many adults who cannot read well enough to understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. Filling out applications becomes impossible without help. Reading road or warning signs is difficult. If you don’t know how to read you probably have a difficult life, you don’t understand things and becomes impossible without help. It’s a scary thought that a fully grown man or women does not know how to read. Reading is a day-to-day activity; you do it all day, even when you don’t realize it. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. All jobs require you to read, it doesn’t matter what field or occupation you’re in, you have to know how to read. Many well-paying jobs require reading as a part of job performance. There are reports and memos which must be read and responded to. Poor reading skills increase the amount of time it takes to absorb the information and do the work. A person is limited in what they can accomplish without good reading and comprehension skills. Reading is important because it develops the mind. The mind is a muscle. It needs exercise. As you read, the written words make the mind grow. Teaching young children to read helps them develop their language skills. It also helps them learn to listen and understand. Reading develops the imagination unlike TVs and computer games can. With reading, a person can go anywhere in the world or even out of it! They can be a king, queen, adventurer, anything! The possibilities are endless. Non-readers never experience these joys to the same extent, they have a harder life. All in all, I believe reading is an educational advancement. You need it to function in today’s society, it is a vital skill in finding a good job, and it develops the mind. It is a way to broaden our knowledge and spark new ideas. It is a necessary skill and we use it everyday at all times. I don’t read a lot, but I believe that if I read more I would be one of the best . Reading helps you understand things clearer and better. Reading is necessary and is used in everyday life; adolescents, teens, and seniors have and will be using reading until the world is over. It will advance more and someone one day will find a better way to advance the reading field, making everyone shine and understand it better!

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Lynnette Chan Do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Negatively Affect Memory? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressants prescribed to treat moderate to severe depression. SSRIs increase serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake. Compared to other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), SSRIs are more selective and have fewer side effects. In addition to affecting emotional moods, SSRIs can also affect food and sex related behaviors, resulting in side effects such as weight gain and reduced sexual drive (Mayo Clinic). However, recent studies indicate that serotonin also plays a â€Å"significant role in learning and memory† (Buhot, Martin, Segu 210). Given serotonin’s lack of specialized function, can SSRIs negatively affect memory function as a side effect? To answer this question, this paper will establish the association between SSRIs and serotonin levels, and then examine the relationship between SSRI use and impaired or improved memory. Since depression has been linked to a shortage of serotonin neurotransmissions, antidepressants should increase 5-HT levels. But in a comprehensive review on the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus, R. Mongeau, P. Blier, and C. de Montigny found that successful SSRI treatments show both an increase and decrease of 5-HT neurotransmissions (178). This finding is unusual because SSRIs inhibit 5-HT reuptake to increase 5-HT levels and should not result in decreased 5-HT neurotransmissions. As decreased 5-HT levels do appear in successful treatments utilizing SSRIs, there must be additional factors involved in mood elevation within the serotonergic system. Regardless of the exact mechanism that allow SSRIs to treat depressive symptoms, SSRIs do increase and decrease 5-HT neurotransmissions in the brain. While the exact mechanism of how 5-HT levels affect mood remains unclear, SSRI use and changes in 5-HT levels have been linked to memory impairment. In a study investigating the role of serotonin in memory impairment, Marie-Christine Buhot, Stephanie Martin, and Louis Segu found that serotonergic activity in the brain affects memory and learning differently depending on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor subtypes. This study found that stimulation of the 5-HT2A/2C or 5-HT4 receptor subtypes, or inhibition of the 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 or 5-HT1B receptor subtypes improved memory and learning in high-cognitive activities (210). 5-HT receptor subtypes are differentiated by their relative distributions in the brain and their cellular locations, differentiations that explain the various effects of 5-HT receptor subtypes. For example, the 5-HT1A receptor subtype is largely concentrated in the hippocampus and interacts with the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic syste ms (Buhot, Martin, Segu 214). As a result, stimulating 5-HT1A receptors impairs memory. The Buhot study confirms that serotonin affects memory function and is dependent on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor types or subtypes. The Buhot study examined the neurotransmitter mechanisms of serotonin and memory, but it did not examine the effect of specific SSRI antidepressants on memory. In a study on the effect of short-term use of SSRIs on cognitive brain function, Jeroen A. J. Schmitt, Monique J. Kruzinga, and Wim J. Riedel found that the positive and negative effects SSRIs have on memory is caused by interactions with external neurotransmitter systems. The study conducted tests with sertraline and paroxetine, the two â€Å"most potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake† available at the time of the study (Schmitt, Kruzinga, Riedel 173). They found that paroxetine contributed to long-term memory impairment, an effect attributed to paroxetine’s additional anticholinergic properties. On the other hand, sertraline only slightly improved verbal fluency, an effect attributed to sertraline’s additional dopaminergic effects. Although this study agrees with the Buhot study that additional neurot ransmitter interactions in serotonergic pathways contribute or prevent memory impairment, the Buhot study attributes memory functions to serotonin while the Schmitt study does not. Both the Buhot and Schmitt studies argue that SSRIs influence memory, but the two studies disagree on the mechanism that causes memory improvement and impairment. In a study examining the short-term use of the SSRI citalopram and the SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) reboxetine and their effect emotional memory and perception, Catherine J. Harmer, Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin found that both citalopram and reboxetine decreased the memory and perception of negative emotions in comparison to positive emotion. Additionally, citalopram use lowered startle responses to displays of negative emotion. Unlike the Buhot and Schmitt study, this study claims that SSRI’s side effect on emotional memory and perception is actually the mechanism that makes SSRIs effective antidepressants. Perhaps SSRIs help strengthen memories of positive emotions with increased 5-HT concentrations and weaken memories of negative emotions with decreased 5-HT concen trations at different 5-HT receptor subtypes to contribute to mood elevation and regulation. SSRIs have a recognized role in memory and learning. The Buhot study argues that memory can be strengthened or weakened depending on the inhibition or stimulation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes, characterized by location and neurotransmitter pathways. On the other hand, the Schmitt study argues that SSRIs effect on memory is not caused by 5-HT levels, but by the additional effects of other neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, the Harmer study argues that the strengthening and weakening of emotional memory and perception contributes to the antidepressant properties of SSRIs. In conclusion, SSRIs can both impair and improve memory, depending on the SSRI type and their interactions with 5-HT receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter pathways. SSRIs have been confirmed to affect memory and cognitive function, but further research is required to determine the exact mechanism of how different SSRIs affect neurotransmitters and mood. Research can explore the degree of memory impairment caused by SSRIs, and examine the neurotransmitter systems that interact most with the serotonergic system to better define neurotransmitter function. Future research can also focus on developing new antidepressants by exploring the neurotransmission systems that interact with SSRIs. Hopefully, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of memory and the role of neurotransmitters can also provide better insight on neurodegenerative disorders that affect memory, such as Alzheimers disease. Works Cited Buhot, Marie-Christine, Stà ©phanie Martin, and Louis Segu. Role of Serotonin in Memory Impairment. Annals of Medicine 32.3 (2000): 210-21. Informa Healthcare. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07853890008998828>. Harmer, Catherine J., Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin. Increased Positive Versus Negative Affective Perception and Memory in Healthy Volunteers Following Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry 161.7 (2004): 1256-263. American Journal of Psychiatry. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1256>. Mayo Clinic. Depression (major Depressive Disorder). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). January 1, 2015. Accessed March 18, 2015. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825. Mongeau, R., P. Blier, and C. De Montigny. The Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Systems of the Hippocampus: Their Interactions and the Effects of Antidepressant Treatments. Brain Research Reviews 23.3 (1997): 145-95. Science Direct. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017396000173>. Schmitt, Jeroen A. J., Monique J. Kruizinga, and Wim J. Riedel. Non-serotonergic Pharmacological Profiles and Associated Cognitive Effects of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15.3 (2001): 173-79. Sage Journals. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://jop.sagepub.com/content/15/3/173.short>.

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At the age of two years old, Hannah Warren has been through multiple medical treatments. Hannah was born without a windpipe and currently has a new one developed from her own stem cells. Hannah is known as the youngest individual in the entire world to have this particular stem cell treatment. From birth, Hannah could not eat or drink, breathe, or swallow anything due to being born without a windpipe. Hannah has spent her whole life in the hospital. Various physicians informed Hannah’s parents that there was little hope for her to live. Hannah’s parents heard of Doctor Paolo Macchiarini and his work with stem cell developed tracheas. Yet, due to Macchiarini’s institution being located in Stockholm, Sweden; they could not afford to go. The Children’s Clinic prearranged for Doctor Macchiarini to travel to Peoria, Illinois to make the stem cell operation. The stem cells used in this process were from Hannah’s bone marrow. In less than a week, plent y of cells reproduced to create a new windpipe. Throughout the nine-hour procedure, Dr. Macchiarini successfully inserted a three-inch pi...

How does Golding convey Jack’s regression to a more savage state? :: English Literature

How does Golding convey Jack’s regression to a more savage state? William Golding conveys Jack’s regression to a more savage state in many different ways. One of the ways in which he does this is by using the setting. The fact that wild plants and creepers are growing almost everywhere around Jack is a typical stereotype of primitive land. Jack did not seem to be trying to avoid them, which could suggest that he has already started getting used to them, as a savage or primitive being would be. Also, Jack had not planned the way that he was going to take when travelling through the forest; instead, he just followed faint trails and hoped they would lead him to what he wanted. By doing this, he was already thinking like a savage. Jack seemed to have a very close connection with the forest that he was hunting in. With only small signs, he was able to realise that the forest was inhabited as other creatures, creatures that he was trying to hunt. Also, Golding describes the forest like he describes Jack, for example when he says ‘the forest and he were very still’. This emphasises the close connection between the two. Another way in which the author conveys Jack’s regression to a more savage state is by making him seem more animal like. Savages are thought of more as animals than people, therefore the animal-like description is very effective to show Jack returning to his savage roots. When searching for prey, he was described as a dog in more than one way, ‘his nose was only a few inches from the humid earth’, just like a dog or wolf hunts, and ‘dog-like, he was uncomfortable on all fours’. There were also some more subtle ways in which he was indirectly compared to animals that were savage-like. He was becoming hairier than he was before, just like an ape. This suggests the reversal of evolution. Also, he was almost naked, apart from his knife belt. This much like a savage or animal, but the fact that he was not at all embarrassed by this was even more significant. In our modern day world, walking around naked would be thought of as a taboo and is even illegal in a lot of places, but in the time that savages were around, it was very common for them to walk around wearing close to nothing. This is exactly the state of mind that Jack wants to revert to in order to hunt like a savage. Jack was also starting to use his senses more effectively like animals. ‘His nostrils flared’.

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Certain factors such as symptoms, risk factors, and medical history of the patient help in performing the diagnosis procedure for determining encephalitis. Some diagnostic tests for encephalitis include brain imaging, lumbar puncture, electroencephalogram, secondary lab tests, and brain biopsy. Many physicians often perform brain imaging first when symptoms start to suspect evidence of encephalitis. When brain imaging is conducted, results frequently depict swelling of the brain. The doctor may call for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or computerized tomography (CT) scan. A MRI scan provides cross-sectional images of the body and helps the doctor observe high-resolution pictures of the bones and tissues whereas a CT scan allows the doctor to go more in depth in observing the size, shape, and position of deep structures within the body. In a lumbar puncture, the doctor supplements a needle into the lower back to remove cerebrospinal fluid which is responsible for surrounding the brain. Blood cells and immune system proteins can indicate inflammation and infection in the brain...

Organizational Culture: Present Trends Essay

Organizational culture has been defined as â€Å"the set of shared values and norms that control organizational members’ interactions with each other and with suppliers, customers, and other people outside the organization† (Jones, 2004). Just as an organization’s structure can be used to achieve competitive advantage and promote stakeholder interests, an organization’s culture can be used to increase organizational effectiveness. This is because organizational culture controls the way members make decisions, the way they interpret and manage the organization’s environment, what they do with information, and how they behave. Culture thus affects an organization’s competitive position. As culture is discussed in terms of the values and norms that influence its members’ behavior, it usually determines how members of a firm interpret the environment, bond its members to the organization, and give it a competitive advantage. Recent advances that develop organizational theories that deals with culture in organizations have been instituted. These are developing high performance teams, managing organizational identity and managing diversity. Organizational culture exercises a potent form of control over the interactions of organizational members with each other and with outsiders. By supplying people with a toolbox of values, norms, and rules that tell them how to behave, organizational culture is instrumental in determining how they interpret and react to a situation. In developing concepts that enhance organization’s culture would literally translate success and competitive advantage in organizations. High Performance Teams  When working with a group or a company, one should be a team player in order for your tasks to be accomplished successfully. To quote, â€Å"Someone may be great at his or her job, maybe even the best there ever was. But what counts at work is the organization’s success, not personal success. After all, if your organization fails, it does not matter how great you were; you are just as unemployed as everyone else† (Johnson, Kantner & Kikora, 1990). In the work environment, teams materialize to focus on tasks or solve problems that are beyond the capacity of one individual. With this type of set-up that allow creative and innovative juices to flow through the constant sharing of information, people could appropriate division of labor among the members of the team can lead to more effective, more efficient and less stressful workplace. Their high levels of performance with regards to quantity, quality, and timeliness of work results can contribute to their sense of satisfaction, addressing a psychological and motivational need. With incessant exposure to each other, team members and their superiors could ascertain whether they have a team that can continue working together with synergy or their togetherness poses a detrimental effect on their output and interrelationships. In traditional organizational structures, teams were introduced and experimented on to see what works and what does not. While employees have already formed their own social groups for their personal interaction with other employees, management devised ways to re-group them and build teams that would be more productive for the organization. The old hierarchies were replaced with cross-functional structures that were both flat and self-directed. The emergence of the concept of High Performance Teams evolved. To date, organizations and businesses have shifted to this kind of paradigm. They are depicted as flexible but difficult to put together, expensive but worth every cent. To build a high performance team requires a lot of work, time, effort and money. The team leader can serve to be the conduit between the team and the management or other external organizations. Coordination of the team’s activities is also the responsibility of the team leader. Any team leader should be able to ensure that the team maintains the ethical standards of the organization. What’s important is for team members to be consistently coached by management or external agencies hired by management to continually trust, respect and support each other and the organization. Coaching coupled with their guidelines will keep in check their members’ behavior and enhance their decision making skills. Empowerment is a key for the advancement of these skills. To be empowered, the team needs to have information and resources. It also needs the management’s trust that they won’t abuse the information or the resources they are given, which is often curtailed by the guidelines they have set for themselves. This empowerment leads them to become cross-functional. They are then given a wider perspective of the processes and a detailed coverage of the activities that occur and address what needs improvement in the organization. In developing work environments, more corporations are now staunch in their support for diversity. Dealing with diversity in a way that makes it a strength has come to be known as â€Å"managing† diversity. According to Sharon Nelton: Managing diversity meant, and still means, fostering an environment in which workers of all kinds—men, women, white, disabled, homosexual, straight, elderly—can flourish and, given opportunities to reach their full potential and contribute at the highest level, can give top performance to a company (p. 19). When we refer to â€Å"diversity†, this could mean cultural, demographic, organizational or psychological and encompasses ethnicity, religion, gender, age, personality, values, attitudes, occupations, status, or job tenure. By working together in well-supervised teams that include women and men, young and old, minorities and non-minorities, employees can learn how to realize the full potential of diversity. According to Goetsch & Davis (2004), diversity in teamwork can be promoted by applying the following strategies: †¢ Continually assessing circumstances. Is communication among diverse team members positive? Do bias and stereotyping exist among team members? Do minorities and non-minorities with comparable jobs and qualifications earn comparable wages? Factors that might undermine harmonious teamwork should be anticipated, identified, and handled. Giving team members opportunities to learn. Humans naturally tend to distrust people who are different, whether the differences are attributed to gender, culture, age, race, or any other factor. Just working with people who are different can help overcome this unfortunate but natural human tendency. However, it usually takes more than just working together to break down barriers and turn a diverse group of employees into a mutually supportive, complementary team in which the effectiveness of the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. With regards to compensation, there should be an implementation of an appropriate compensation system. In other words, if you want teamwork to work, make it pay. This does not mean that employees are no longer compensated as individuals. Rather, the most successful compensation systems combine both individual and team pay. In Anne Schauber’s study (2001), it found that if a team’s performance is duly rewarded by the organization, a culturally diverse organization â€Å"may be more economical in the long run† and â€Å"will result in better service to a changing clientele†. It enhances the creativity and problem-solving capabilities of the organization† in such a way that the â€Å"previously untapped talent and energy will be focused on achieving organizational goals† (Schauber, 2001). Thus, diversity has become a positive contributing factor to the achievement of the goals of a high performance team. Moreover, De Vries and Manfred (2005) recently used the idea of Zen Buddhism in leadership group coaching to develop high performance teams. De Vries and Manfred (2005) said that Zen Buddhism has as its fundamental purpose the awakening of the mind and the individual attainment of spiritual enlightenment. A Zen teacher is concerned with self-help and helping others with wisdom and compassion. Given this mindset, Zen teachers can be seen as forerunners of leadership coaches. Like Zen teachers, such management coaches provide learning opportunities by giving constructive and balanced feedback. They serve as sparring partners. They help their clients reflect on their own actions. As a way of clarifying and enhancing consciousness, coaching has become the Zen for executives. With executives finally realizing the value of coaching, the coaching market—now a multi-billion-dollar enterprise—is ballooning. Originally carried out by â€Å"one-person bands,† leadership coaching has become a major activity for many large consulting firms. As corporations are constantly seeking methods to improve their own workplace effectiveness and efficiency, individual and group performance had to be measured. Work teams transform to become empowered to make decisions and improve performance; there is also an increased need for accountability. Virtually, all organizations with work teams need a means for measuring their teams’ performance. Indeed, high performance teams coupled with diversity could spell the success of any organization or corporation in our fast changing global environment. Managing Organizational Identity Organizational identity differs, most sharply, from organizational culture because of the prominent role of transference phenomena. The nature of emotional attachments and connectedness, or disconnectedness, is the footing of organizational life and the essence of organizational identity. The centrality of this emotional substructure is especially crucial when there is demand for organizational change and development. Change depends on members’ willingness to assume responsibility for their actions and to depart from the status quo. But this willingness is the result of mutual understanding of shared emotions between superordinates and subordinates, and often among peers in organizations, and is the outcome of their recognition of unconscious expectations and desires. Helping members to become aware of the structure of organizational identity and their place in it is a precondition for freeing them up for organizational change that is strategically sound and productive (Diamond, 1993, p. 7). Ravasi and Schultz (2006) had presented a recent longitudinal study of organizational responses to environmental changes that induce members to question aspects of their organization’s identity. Their findings highlight the role of organizational culture as a source of cues supporting â€Å"sensemaking† action carried out by leaders as they reevaluate their conceptualization of their organization, and as a platform for â€Å"sensegiving† actions aimed at affecting internal perceptions. Ravasi and Schultz (2006) explored organizational responses to environmental changes and shifting external representations that induced members to reflect on their organization’s recent and prospective courses of action and ask themselves, â€Å"What is this organization really about? † Although past research has documented the impact of desired images on organizational responses to environmental changes, they deemed that the influence of organizational culture—and in particular, the influence of its manifestations—on the redefinition of members’ collective self-perceptions. They found organizational culture became the central construct in understanding the evolution of organizational identities in the face of environmental changes, suggesting that collective history, organizational symbols, and consolidated practices provide cues that help members make new sense of what their organization is really about and give that new sense to others. Furthermore, the role of culture in preserving a sense of distinctiveness and continuity as organizational identity is subjected to explicit reevaluation. The findings suggest that the roles external images and organizational culture play in affecting organizational responses to identity threats may be more complementary than the current literature on organizational identity would suggest (Ravasi & Schultz, 2006). Building on evidence from their research, they developed a theoretical framework for understanding how the interplay of construed images and organizational culture shapes changes in institutional claims and shared understandings about the identity of an organization.

Digital Fortress Chapter 33

Tokugen Numataka stared out his window and paced like a caged animal. He had not yet heard from his contact, North Dakota. Damn Americans! No sense of punctuality! He would have called North Dakota himself, but he didn't have a phone number for him. Numataka hated doing business this way-with someone else in control. The thought had crossed Numataka's mind from the beginning that the calls from North Dakota could be a hoax-a Japanese competitor playing him for the fool. Now the old doubts were coming back. Numataka decided he needed more information. He burst from his office and took a left down Numatech's main hallway. His employees bowed reverently as he stormed past. Numataka knew better than to believe they actually loved him-bowing was a courtesy Japanese employees offered even the most ruthless of bosses. Numataka went directly to the company's main switchboard. All calls were handled by a single operator on a Corenco 2000, twelve-line switchboard terminal. The woman was busy but stood and bowed as Numataka entered. â€Å"Sit down,† he snapped. She obeyed. â€Å"I received a call at four forty-five on my personal line today. Can you tell me where it came from?† Numataka kicked himself for not having done this earlier. The operator swallowed nervously. â€Å"We don't have caller identification on this machine, sir. But I can contact the phone company. I'm sure they can help.† Numataka had no doubt the phone company could help. In this digital age, privacy had become a thing of the past; there was a record of everything. Phone companies could tell you exactly who had called you and how long you'd spoken. â€Å"Do it,† he commanded. â€Å"Let me know what you find out.†

“After Auschwitz” by Anne Sexton Essay

In the poem â€Å"After Auschwitz† by Anne Sexton, the speaker talks about her feelings after touring a concentration camp. The speaker writes about what humans are able to do to other humans and how horrible this specific time was. The speakers tone is mostly angry. During the poem, the speaker’s tone becomes more and more angry and dark but at the end of the poem in the last two lines it also turns into a sad tone. These tones are created to confirm the bad things that happened in the concentration camp Auschwitz. Sexton’s use of sentence structure, imagery and detail are key to create this angry, dark and sad tone through the poem. The strongest tone that appears through the poem is an angry tone. One technique Sexton uses to convey this tone is sentence structure. The sentences in this poem are mostly quite short. The poem already begins with the key word in line 1: â€Å"Anger,† From the very beginning of the poem, Anne Sexton is angry. Another examples in line 4 + 5: â€Å"Each day,† â€Å"each Nazi† This is a great example how Sexton uses very short and hard sentences. It sounds just like the speaker spits them out as they would be something gross which tastes bad. It conveys the anger of the speaker and thus the angry tone about how the horrible treatment of humans goes on every day, again and again. Another technique the author uses to convey the tone is imagery. Using that imagery the author makes the reader feel angry and also the reader can feel how the speaker’s anger is getting bigger and bigger until it reaches its pinnacle in lines 26 – 29. As the author writes in line 26: â€Å"Let man never again raise his teacup.†, she is so full of anger, so angry of all humans that it is almost a little bit scary although the tone is derived from something so innocent. She imagines this man sitting on a table or in a chair and drinking a tea and while she imagines that she gets so angry because she can’t believe that a man is sitting there, drinking a tea, doing nothing while somewhere else humans are tortured and die in concentration camps. The speaker thought of all the things in concentration camps through the poem and now she is just so angry that she would like to see the whole human race obliterated. Because of all the anger in it this image is so significant and it totally conveys the tone in the poem. Line 19 + 20: â€Å"And  death looks on with a casual eye, and scratches his anus.† is another really good example of imagery. The speaker imagines the death as a person. She imagines the death being somewhere in the concentration camp, simply standing there bored by the same things that happen every day, scratching his ass and waiting for the next person who dies. The speakers tone in these lines, as well as in lines 9 + 10, is still a little bit angry but it turned into a sad ton too. She feels sad about how people suffer so much pain and torture and everything and how they slowly die. I think this image is significant because it is such a good image that the poem literarily comes alive and you can see the concentration camp with its prisoners as you would stand in it. Detail is the third technique Anne Sexton uses to convey the tone. In the last two lines the tone changes suddenly from the dark and angry tone into a sad tone: â€Å"I beg the lord not to hear.†(line 33). This line is very important to understand the poem. Suddenly the speaker notices that she was thinking to do the same things to all humans as Nazis did to the prisoners in concentration camps. So she feels almost embarrassed and begs the lord not to hear her words. But, wouldn’t everybody else who reads this poem feel the same anger? Certainly this detail is key in expressing the speaker’s feelings on this topic and that’s why the detail is significant. The tone’s effect is that it reminds readers about the terrible treatment of humans in the concentration camp Auschwitz. Readers are moved by it because everybody knows the Nazi time but nobody really wants to remember it. Exactly that is where Sexton created her poem on. She’s one of the small number of poets who wrote a poem on that time. So when people hear, read or see about it they feel angry and sad just like Sexton!The universal idea of this poem is how humans could have ever done such horrible things or how they let could have let them happen. Anne Sexton writes in her poem how people today get away with it. The Holocaust is a vehicle for this poem. It is about anger, although it might sometimes not be justified, and sadness and how, while they are necessary emotion for survival, in the most loathsome and horrific of situations, it must not be the sole rule of one’s life. Sources: Poem: â€Å"After Auschwitz†www.wikipedia.comwww.americaspoets.com

Cultural Effects on English Language Collocation as Foreign Language

In English language, there are many fixed, identifiable, non-idiomatic phrases and construction. Such groups of words are called recurrent combinations, fixed combination or collocation. Collocation fall into two major groups: grammatical collocation and lexical collocation. For people who regard the English language as a foreign language or second language, it’s so difficult to express it as perfect. This â€Å"mini research paper† talks about â€Å"Cultural Effect on English Language Collocation as Foreign Language† to help them more understanding in how to mastering English.Keywords: Collocation, English as a second language, Cultural effects Introduction Learners of English as a foreign or second language, like learners of any language, have traditionally devoted themselves to mastering words – their pronunciations, forms, and meanings. However, if they wish to acquire active mastery of English. That is, if they wish to be able to express themselves fl uently and accurately in speech and writing, they must learn to cope with the combination of words into phrases, sentences and texts. Students must learn how words combine or ‘collocate’ with each other.In any language, certain words regularly combine with certain other words or grammatical constructions. Collocations are important to language learners. When learners use collocations, they will be better understood. Native speakers unconsciously predict what is going to be said based on the use of phrases. If a non-native speaker uses frequently-used patterns (collocations), it will be easier for native speakers to guess what the non-native speaker is saying and may help compensate for other language issues, such as pronunciation.When learners write and speak, if they use collocations central to their topic, their readers are more likely to understand their message. The importance of vocabulary acquisition has always been recognized, although, at times, vocabulary was t reated as separate from grammar and skills. However, the communicative and natural approach emphasized the importance of vocabulary development. Vocabulary knowledge involves considerably more than just knowing the meanings of given words in isolation; it involves knowing the words that tend to co-occur with it.Hoey (2005) in Shokouhi (2010), for example, argues that non-native speakers behave differently with collocations than native speakers, in that the former group learns them in very restricted contexts. Compounding this problem is the fact that the frequency of particular combinations depends upon the genre in which each occurs. Grammatical and lexical collocations, like the accompaniments of nouns with other nouns, adjectives with nouns, verbs with other parts of speech, or many other such combinations, may all show different behaviour. Literature ReviewCollocation Collocation is a tendency of words in a language to occur in close proximity to each other (based on logical and meaningful relationships between then, patterns of association and usage, etc). Collocation can be ascertained by experience, reading, and study of dictionaries that give multiple examples in the form of quotations, such as the Oxford English Dictionary) Chandler (1998). Students must learn how words combine or ‘collocate’ with each other. In any language, certain words regularly combine with certain other words or grammatical constructions.These recurrent, semi-fixed combinations or collocations can be divided into group (BBI dictionary): 1. Grammatical collocation Grammatical collocation is a phrase consisting of a dominant word (noun, adjective, verb) and preposition or grammatical structure such as an infinitive or clause. Example : account for, advantage over, adjacent to, by accident, to be afraid that. 2. Lexical collocation Lexical collocations consist of various combinations of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Lexical collocations, in contrast to grammati cal collocations, do not contain prepositions, infinitives or clauses.Example: a crushing defeat, storms rage, a world capital. Lewis (1998) proposes the following categories for collocations: 1. Strong: A large number of collocations are strong or very strong. For example, we most commonly talk of rancid butter, but that does not mean that other things cannot be rancid. 2. Weak: These are words which co-occur with a greater than random frequency. Many things can be long or short, cheap or expensive, good or bad. However, some things are more predictable, which could be alled collocation; for example, white wine or red wine. 3. Medium strength: These are words that go together with a greater frequency than weak collocations. Some examples are: hold a meeting; carry out a study. The context in which a collocation is used is important. Certain collocations or expressions are appropriate for certain contexts. Factors such as a difference in status or a social distance between the speak er and the hearer can affect the choice of collocational phrases. For example, we would not greet our boss by saying â€Å"How’s it going? ; however, it is all right to greet a friend that way. This example suggests that knowledge of connotation and formality is important in deciding which collocation to use. (Deveci, 2003). Language and culture There are many ways in which the phenomena of language and culture are intimately related. Both phenomena are unique to humans and have therefore been the subject of a great deal of anthropological and sociological study. Language, of course, is determined by culture, though the extent to which this is true is now under debate.The converse is also true to some degree: culture is determined by language – or rather, by the replicators that created both. 1)Language as Determined by Culture Early anthropologists, following the theory that words determine thought, believed that language and its structure were entirely dependent on the cultural context in which they existed. This was a logical extension of what is termed the Standard Social Science Model, which views the human mind as an indefinitely malleable structure capable of absorbing any sort of culture without constraints from genetic or neurological factors.In this vein, anthropologist Verne Ray conducted a study in the 1950's, giving color samples to different American Indian tribes and asking them to give the names of the colors. He concluded that the spectrum we see as â€Å"green†, â€Å"yellow†, etc. was an entirely arbitrary division, and each culture divided the spectrum separately. According to this hypothesis, the divisions seen between colors are a consequence of the language we learn, and do not correspond to divisions in the natural world. A similar hypothesis is upheld in the extremely popular meme of Eskimo words for snow – common stories vary from fifty to upwards of two hundred. )Language as Part of Culture For man y people, language is not just the medium of culture but also is a part of culture. It is quite common for immigrants to a new country to retain their old customs and to speak their first language amid fellow immigrants, even if all present are comfortable in their new language. This occurs because the immigrants are eager to preserve their own heritage, which includes not only customs and traditions but also language. A good example of this is in Canada, where French-speaking natives of Quebec clash with the English-speaking majority.This sort of conflict is also common in areas with a great deal of tribal warfare. It is even becoming an issue in America as speakers of standard American English – mainly whites and educated minorities – observe the growing number of speakers of black English vernacular. Debates are common over whether it is proper to use â€Å"Ebonics† in schools, while its speakers continue to assert that the dialect is a fundamental part of th e â€Å"black culture†. Hossein Shokouhi (2010) found in his research that vocabulary in general and collocation in particular are important to language learning.If collocational associations are not properly taught and learned, the resulting irregularities will immediately mark the learners’ speech or writing as problematic and non-native. Tanju Deveci (2003) said that many cultures, including the Turkish culture, encourage rote learning, where students memorise lists of words in isolation and when they saw the words in phrases, they could not understand them. Such surface level knowledge inhibits meaningful learning and creates collocation-related problems such as the following: 1.Learners may have intra-lingual problems. For example, instead of many thanks, they might incorrectly use several thanks. 2. Learners may make negative transfer from their mother tongue. For example, some Turkish learners tend to say become lovers instead of fall in love. 3. Learners may lo ok for general rules for collocations that do not work for all collocations. For example, they might over-generalize rules of collocation, for example, the use of prepositions in phrasal verbs. They could think that put off your coat is the opposite of put on your coat. 4.When students learn words through definitions or in isolation, their chances of using appropriate collocations or remembering the words decrease. 5. Students may fail to make sense of an idiom. To illustrate, the English idiom It is raining cats and dogs does not make sense to Turkish learners of English because this idiom does not exist in their culture. To communicate the same idea, Turkish learners would say It is raining out of the glass, which does not make sense in English. 6. When students read texts, they may not recognize collocations as meaningful phrases, which would inhibit their understanding of the text. Findings of researchIn this study, the authors take 30 students of Unnes form several majors wheth er they’re English students or not English students as a sample. The participants were given some questions about collocation. This is representing how the Indonesian students make a word combination From 30 respondents. Only 13 students or 44% of students who make a correct answer and it’s not only students from Language and Art Faculty but also from the others. It means that the origin culture has influenced the Indonesian students in expressing English. On the other hand, Based on the tests, respondents have failed to place the right words.That is the fact that a culture has an influence to students in making a word combination well. When the Indonesian wants to say â€Å" Seseorang harus percaya diri dengan kemampuannya† or One should have confidence with his own ability, whereas in English the truth is â€Å"One should have confidence in his own ability†. Conclusion Collocation is very important in English language because with collocation language w ill be more natural and more easily understood, learners will have alternative and richer ways of expressing themselves and it is easier to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.This mini research found that the Indonesian students are still influenced by the Indonesian language in expressing English especially in choosing the words to make a word combination well or good-collocation. To make a good word combination or right-collocation, the Author advises to readers especially to Indonesian students to use a BBI dictionary written by Benson, M. , E. Benson and R. F. Ilson.References Daniel Chandler, 1998 Semiotics for Beginners: a more complex semiotic explanation of denotation/connotation and paradigmatic/syntagmatic analysis. Deveci, Tanju, 2003 teaches English for Academic Purposes at Sabanci University in Istanbul. Hossein Shokouhi, 2010 Collocational Knowledge versus General Linguistic Knowledge among Iranian EFL Learners. , Shahid Chamran U niversity, Iran Lewis, M. 1998. Implementing the lexical approach. London: Language Teaching Publications. Benson, M. , E. Benson and R. F. Ilson. 1997. The BBI dictionary of English word combinations. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Appendix Collocation Test i. Fill in the blank the questions below . What is the usual way of describing someone who eats a lot? a)a big eater b)a strong eater c)a hard eater d)a heavy eater e)a furious eater 2. Which is the truth the following phrases? a)a solid tea b)a powerful tea c)a strong tea d)an iron tea e) a stiff tea 3. The high walls give the garden protection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. the wind. a)From b)To c)Against d)Of e)At 4. Nobody refused for fear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. losing their job. a)From b)Of c)Over d)On e)to 5. One should have confidence †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. his own ability. a)On b)At c)Over d)In e)With

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Define a Remote Access Policy to Support Remote Health Care Clinics - Essay Example The personnel in charge of maintenance and creating security policy have the responsibility to identify technology changes in health care systems. A key area of concern in the modern society is to what extent privacy of people are protected. Advances that have been made by technology in the recent past has enabled storage of large information amounts with limited expenses involved.Similarly, technology has also hastened access to information within limited duration of time. Unknown individuals may access private information a factor that makes availability of security policies an essentiality. Programs of security awareness are designed in such a way to sensitize users on organization’s security policy. Security awareness education to the employees does not only focus on giving them access to information of the organization. It goes beyond giving them emails and password to use by covering aspects such as training on monitoring and gathering information using various tools (Fisher, 2001). Training of users and the systems administrators play a crucial role in an organization. The systems administrators and the management need to realize that security threats are very critical emanate from the inside (Fisher, 2001). For this reason, constant logging of user activity, monitoring internet, and email access are important ways of tracking breaches of both internal and external threats. If this is taken into account, the four principles of business security will have been upheld. They include, protection of information, maximizing on operational effectiveness, reducing corporate liability and protection of the organization’s

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Global Warming and its Effects on Society Essay Global warming or climate change is defined as any substantial change in the earth’s climate that can go on for an extended period of time. Global warming can cause an increase in the average temperature of the lower atmosphere. It can have different causes, but the one reason pinpointed as its cause is human interference, particularly the release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases (EPA, 2006 cited in YeSeul Kim et al). There are several greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor, and fluorinated gases which act like a greenhouse on earth. Since the situation is that there are more greenhouse gases, then there would be a bigger chance of the heat trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. The earth cannot function in its present state if there are no occurring greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, and water vapor. 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His team has conducted numerous temperature readings made by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in order to calculate steady ocean warming. This report was published after the United Nations Kyoto Protocol composed of 141-nation environmental pact. The US team made use of solar warming and volcanic warming, in order to account for the measurements made. Even observing animals lead these scientists to conclude that there are clear effects on animals. Other researchers found clear effects on climate and animals. Ruth Curry of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution revealed that melting ice is now already changing the water cycle, which in turn affects ocean currents and then finally, the climate. There are also droughts happening in the west and in Greenland’s ice cap which is composed of ice enough to raise sea levels by seven meters (Scientists say global warming is undeniable). A recent documentary on UK Channel 4 entitled â€Å"The Great Global Warming Swindle† challenged the political view that global warming is caused by man-made factors. However, the movie says that the sun that is responsible for the current changes in the Earth’s temperature. The film shows the many opinions of scientists and climate experts that spur a growing dissent to the man-made theory. But these are all theories. Scientists have reminded us that the Sun determines our seasons, and has a bigger impact on the climate. German and Swiss scientists reveal that there is an increase in radiation from the sun that results in the present climate change. (Marshall). There are also researches saying that global warming is a lie which is propagated by the media. They reckon that the temperature estimates of past climates are just estimates. These have been estimated by scientists who try to prove that global warming exists. Some still maintain that global warming is just another conspiracy to bring Americans down (Global Warming: The Great Lie). In the end, the more important thing to remember is how to champion the environment when it is changing due to the global warming especially when there are confusing information about the real status of global warming and how people can cope up with it. (All Global Warming is Local-The Politics and Science of Regional Climate Impacts). Most of the critical issues that global warming involve is how to prepare for these climate changes. The U. N. ’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers which is mainly a political document. Media is using this to gear up more sentiments among the people. (Bender, 2007). This is supposedly being edited to conform to the political agenda of the UN politicians. The document states that â€Å"Changes made after acceptance by the Working Group or the Panel shall be those necessary to ensure consistency with the Summary for Policymakers or the Overview Chapter. † And whether one likes it or not, the â€Å"continued rapid cooling of the earth since WWII is in accord with the increase in global air pollution associated with industrialization, mechanization, urbanization and exploding population†. (Reid Bryson, Global Ecology; Readings towards a rational strategy for Man, 1971 as cited in Bender). WORKS CITED All Global Warming is Local-The Politics and Science of Regional Climate Impacts. Nov. 12, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008 at: http://www. desmogblog. com/all-global-warming-is-local-the-politics-and- science-of-regional-climate-impacts Bender, John. Man-Made Global Warming Is Politics Not Science. Etherzone. Fen. 12, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008 at: http://www. prisonplanet. com/articles/february2007/130207Warming. htm Global Warming: The Great Lie. Retrieved January 2, 2008 at: http://www. geocities. com/northstarzone/GLOBAL. html Marshall, Andrew. Global Warming: A Convenient Lie. Global Research. March 15, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008 at: http://www. globalresearch. ca/index. php? context=viewArticlecode=20070315 articleId=5086 Scientists say global warming is undeniable. ABC News Online. Retrieved January 2, 2008 at: http://www. abc. net. au/news/newsitems/200502/s1306233. htm YeSeul Kim, Erika Granger, Katie Puckett, Cankutan Hasar, and Leif Francel Global Warming: Definition. Retrieved January 2, 2008 at: