Why Self-Esteem Isnt Based on Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2318 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Self Esteem Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper reports findings from several psychological journals that explain how self-esteem is not entirely based on a persons childhood because humans ultimately have the free-will to choose how much they value themselves. The varying sections of this research will analyze the process of self-esteem development on the human brain, specifically in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), as well as the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on self-esteem development. It will also focus on and social anxiety disorder (SAD) throughout adulthood as a consequence of an emotionally scarred childhood of an individual, and to what extent it inflicts damage on the further development of self-esteem in an individual.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Self-Esteem Isnt Based on Childhood" essay for you Create order Keywords: Self-esteem, anterior cingulate cortex, adverse childhood experiences, social anxiety disorder, free-will Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of self-esteem is processed in the mind of an individual based on the paradigms they have created for themselves. It has nothing to do with their looks, culture, or their personality. Instead, they attain their view of themselves through the evaluation of the social feedback they are receiving, or self-comparison, which allows for their adaptation to the environment in which they are surrounded. It is this process of evaluation that determines whether said individual will have a low or high self-esteem. However, self-esteem does not live solely in thoughts or feelings. It has a deep impact in the formation of the human brain, and therefore, it is for this very reason, that we researched and hypothesized that self-esteem is not entirely based on a persons childhood (regardless of how their brain formed during their childhood development),   because humans ultimately have the free-will to choose how much they value themselves, thus taking advantage of the human brains neuroplasticity. Brain Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there has not been much research done on the volumetric analysis of self-esteem on the brain, the sole published volumetric analysis of self-esteem to our knowledge has revealed that persons with low self-esteem possess reduced hippocampal volume. This may contribute to their lowered resilience, since reduced hippocampal volume has been implicated in vulnerability to stress (Agroskin, Jonas, and Klackl 2014). The hippocampus is responsible for long-term memory, and an individual with low self-esteem is usually more predisposed stress, which can affect the structure of the brain and its function, in this case; it can be attributed to memory loss and poor coping ability in the brain to deal with new information. Furthermore, the hippocampus isnt the only area of the brain affected by the reigns of self-esteem. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a region of the human brain that holds responsibility for emotional regulation and is wrapped in a brain tissue known as grey matter. Grey matter, on the other hand, contains the majority of the brains neurons, which are cells that transmit nerve impulses. The amounts of this brain tissue can vary between individuals. However, reduced grey matter volume in the ACC has been found to underlie difficulty in regulating negative emotion, [ ] there is evidence of decreased grey matter volume in the ACC in persons with a strong inclination to ruminate, which is an important mediator of the relationship between low self-esteem and depression (Agroskin, Jonas, Klackl, 2014). Constant ruminating, or deliberately thinking about a negative event, has detrimental effects of the neurological activity of the brain, which leads to an ineffective regulation of emo tions. This is attributed to decreasing the self-esteem of an individual, as they lose control of their emotions and their ability to distinguish between rational and irrational thoughts. Moreover, the functioning of the ACC is also transformed based on cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal, is an emotion regulation strategy that is positively related to self-esteem [and is] positively linked to ACC volume (Agroskin, Jonas, and Klackl, 2014). However, while cognitive reappraisal involves adapting to a particular circumstance and shifting the brains paradigm towards a certain event, suppression causes an individual to act impulsively and based on their emotions, rather than using logic and attempting to think clearly and make appropriate choices. Suppression does very little, if anything at all, for adapting to the different circumstances an individual is encountered with and prevents the positive shifting of paradigms that offer rationality. As a result, reappraisal is positively associated with self-esteem, while suppression is negatively associated with the latter (Agroskin, Jonas, and Klackl, 2014). Taking this under consideration, we decided to analyze the development of self-esteem in children, adults, ad determine the role of free will in the transformation of internal brain structures. Children Extensive research on self-esteem has demonstrated that it originates from actual own/ideal own discrepancies, which are differences as to how a person wish they were and how they really are. These discrepancies have been demonstrated to make a person more vulnerable to dejection-related emotions as well as to lower self-esteem levels (Keshky and Samak, 2017). As for children, this is no different. Children become more sensitive to inconsistent information, with discrepancies between self-relevant beliefs and others standpoints turning out into potentially stressing psychological situations and feelings of guilt and embarrassment. The social environment in which a child is raised can determine a lot about their self-esteem. If they were to live and grow in a constant state of fear of dejection or embarrassment, because they are not living up to their own ideas of what they should be, then the child will not be able to function properly when faced with social situations. Developmental ly, [ ] global self-esteem precedes rather than follows domain-specific evaluations in young children. Thus, young children appraise themselves in terms of good and bad. It is only later, from middle to late childhood, that boys and girls gradually develop the ability to compare themselves with others and take into account feedback from significant others, when they evaluate themselves (Keshky and Samak, 2017). Although in their beginning stages of childhood, they will create their own images of what their ideal self is, it is when reaching the middle and end of their childhood that they will determine how distant they actually are from becoming that ideal self, based on the feedback of others around them. And, although a child may report that their self-esteem levels are high, the stability of it can actually range from low to moderate (Orth, Robins, and Trzesniewski, 2010). In brief, developmental trajectories of self-esteem and self-discrepancies are not parallel, although they b oth depend on cognitive as well as social competences that children acquire progressively. In fact, in late childhood, boys and girls can evaluate themselves in terms of self-worth at both global and domain-specific levels. Conversely, it is only from early adolescence on that conflicting self-representations become relevant in the self-system. It remains to be explored the direction of the association between self-esteem and self-discrepancies in late childhood, that is, years of transition, during which aspects of the self-system are rapidly changing. Furthermore, the social development of a child is believed to have potentially life-long consequences on them. For instance, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)which are stressful or traumatic events, including abuse and neglect, occurring during childhood or adolescencemay lead to a wide range of physical and psychological health issues throughout a persons lifespan. Children with ACEs, develops poor relation skills and low self-esteem, which may increase the likelihood of interpersonal problems and physical aggression in adult life (Orth, Robins, and Trzesniewski, 2010). Adulthood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of self-esteem in adults is usually not focused towards appearance, or personality traits, in contrast to the way in which it is fomented in childhood. Instead, in adulthood, individuals increasingly occupy positions of power and status, which might promote feelings of self-esteem (Orth, Robins, and Trzesniewski, 2010). However, it can be still externally oriented, depending on how the individual was raised. Whether it be in pleasing other people, similar to how a child attempts to please their parents, or to feel valued by others, to some extent, like a child wants to be rewarded by their parents. However, if instead of looking for external approval to reinforce the strength of their self-esteem, they would look inward for sources of positive self-esteem, personality changes that occur during adulthood tend to reflect movement toward higher levels of maturity and adjustment, as indicated by increases in traits such (Orth, Robins, and Trze sniewski, 2010). Having an external locus of control on self-esteem, can lead to an individual constantly dealing with rejection or disappointment, because their paradigm of how the word should be and how they should be accepted are not always aligned with reality. Therefore, if they place that locus of control into something more stable, like their internal self, they would feel much more accomplished and would find it easier to maintain a high self-esteem. The process of finding self-worth is facilitated once the individual begins their process by looking within and seeing how they are pleased with themselves, and not how others are pleased with them being themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonetheless, the process of changing from an external to an internal source of self-esteem can become difficult for individuals who have not been provided with proper emotional support in their childhood development. Adults who have been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD), are characterized by persistent fear of social or performance situations in which an individual is at risk for embarrassment, humiliation, or possible scrutiny by unfamiliar persons (Goldin, Gross, Heimberg, Kuo, and Werner, 2011). By definition, this condition should completely prevent the development of a healthy self-esteem, as the individuals are constantly afraid of the rejection that could possibly arise in the social environment they find themselves in. Instead of focusing internally, they look to the external world for validation, but go through the constant fear of not being good enough for those around them. Furthermore, findings from family studies demonstrate a str ong association between social anxiety in parent and offspring [interactions] and, the impact of social learning experiences has been suggested as a key environmental factor contributing to the development of the disorder and has received substantial empirical attention. Prospective studies have found that parental overprotection, rejection, and lack of warmth are associated with offspring SAD (Goldin, Gross, Heimberg, Kuo, and Werner, 2011). This fear of not pleasing everyone encountered, is mostly attributed to ineffective or even toxic parenting tactics from behalf of the individuals parents. Therefore, as mentioned before, individuals who constantly ruminate of negative situations, and have an inability to change their paradigms, in this case the ones they created in their childhood, are often found to have low levels of self-esteem, and if they continue the cycle of fear, frustration, and rumination, they will not be able to change the way they view themselves to a more positiv e light. Free will  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no doubt in the neurological community that the brain changes based on the conditions of its host. For instance, in a study with cats, cats that were blinded in one eye had changed their brain formation to process visual information from the eye that could see (Askenasy and Lehmann, 2013). However, when it comes to humans, what does it take for this process of transforming the brain take place? The transformation of thoughts themselves. The process is simple, although putting it into place is more challenging. According to John Searle, a philosopher and advocate for science, there is no problem in changing consciousness and by that causing the brain to change. A change can be made in the highest level of the brain system or in its lowest level, and the results will include changes in both neurons and consciousness (Askenasy and Lehmann, 2013).   When an individual changes the way they interact with their conscious mind through consciously refra ming their thoughts, they slowly begin to create changes in their brain structures. Extensive brain analysis has proven that the brain can change itself and it has a self-healing capacity, which means that in general it can both improve and cure itselfat least to a certain extent (Askenasy and Lehmann, 2013). The brain has a process through which I could heal itself, therefore, if an individual chooses to use a different approach to dealing with negative thoughts, conceptions, and feedback, they can ultimately change their internal brain structure and heal their anterior cingulate cortex by and increasing the levels of grey matter found in it, which is correlated to higher levels of self-esteem and better emotional control and coping. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the development of self-esteem in children and adults are focused on different processes, ultimately, childhood does have an impact on the self-esteem of an adult individual. However, through the ability of the brain to transform, an individual can actually change the way their brains process negative feedback and, can also change the brains internal structure to increase or decrease the grey matter found present in the ACC, which plays a large role on self-esteem levels, through their thoughts. Humans are built with the skills, they just need to choose to use them. Therefore, our hypothesis that self-esteem is not entirely based on a persons childhood, because humans ultimately have the free-will to choose how much they value themselves, was proven to be true. However, we recommend that further research is ensued, so that we could attain full understanding of the extents to which childhood development impacts self-esteem in adults. References Agroskin, D., Klackl, J., Jonas, E. (2014). The Self-Liking Brain: A VBM Study on the Structural Substrate of Self-Esteem. PLoS ONE, 9(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086430 Askenasy, J., Lehmann, J. (2013). Consciousness, brain, neuroplasticity. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00142 Keshky, M., Samak, Y. (2017). The Development of Self Esteem in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Psychology Behavior Analysis, 3(1). doi:10.15344/2455-3867/2017/128 Kuo, J. R., Goldin, P. R., Werner, K., Heimberg, R. G., Gross, J. J. (2011). Childhood trauma and current psychological functioning in adults with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(4), 467-473. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.011 Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Maes, J., Schmitt, M. (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 472-478. doi:10.1037/a0015922

Animal Farm a Fairy Story - 1230 Words

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Squealer manipulates the language of the Fourth Commandment by telling Muriel that they are sleeping on the beds but with no sheets because they are manm ade. Instead they are sleeping on blankets. He tries to confuse Muriel and tell him that sheets and blankets are different. 8. Scapegoating: a. The windmill is destroyed when it was nearly half built. I believe that one of the humans may have tampered with it or that the animals didn’t make the structure sturdy enough. b. Snowball is being blamed for the destruction of the windmill. c. The significance of using Snowball as a scapegoat is because he is already seem bad in front of the animals and many know that many still believe in Snowball and want to ruin their hopes. Also because since he isn’t there they want to pinpoint it on someone who they think would want to harm them. Chapter 7 2. Topics and Themes: Power to control others –turning on one another a. Snowball was supposed to be tampering with everyone’s things. 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Acid Rain (1229 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (1229 words) Essay Acid RainPollution comes in various forms. Whether its toxic waste, CFCs, orsewage, they are all hazardous, to the earth. These can deplete the earth andits inhabitants of resources, causing a harmful change. A product ofpollution is acid rain. We shall see that acidification is harmful to all formsof life. Acid rain is any form of precipitation that is polluted by sulphurdioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). This acid precipitation can be in theform of rain, snow, sleet, fog, or cloud vapors. The acidity of substancesdissolved in water are measured by their pH levels. Normal precipitation pHlevels fall between 5.0-5.6.2 When levels fall below these numbers, then theprecipitation is said to be acidic. There are two ways in which acid depositioncan form. The first way occurs when nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide land onthe Earths surface, and interact with frost or dew. The second way takesplace due to the oxidation of nitrogen oxides or sulphur dioxide gases that arereleased i nto the air.3 Since it may take up to several days for the gases to bealtered into their acid counter-parts, the pollutants can travel miles away fromtheir original source. Emissions of (SO2) are responsible for the majority ofthe acid deposition, which falls to Earth. When we burn coal, we are releasing(SO2), into the air, since coal is slight made up of sulphur. Volcanic eruptionscan add a great deal of sulphur into the atmosphere. Everyday organic decay addssulphur into the air as well. (SO2) can hit the Earths surface in dry formsor wet forms, by undergoing the following reactions: (SO2 + H20 *** H2SO3) (SO2+ ?O2 *** SO3 + H2SO4)2 Human activity is the major cause for nitrogenoxides presence in our atmosphere, such as forest fires and the combustion ofoil, coal, and gas. The other causes are due to nature. Lightning, volcanicaction, and bacteria in soil are just to name a few. The following chemicalreactions show how acids of nitrogen form: (NO2 + ?O2 *** NO2) (2NO2 + H2O ***HNO 2 + HNO3) (NO2 + OH *** HNO3)2 Acid rain can affect plant life directly whenthe surface of leaves and needles come into contact with acid vapor or fog. Thiscauses a reduction in the trees ability to withstand the cold. A directresult would be the trees incapability of reproduction. It can also harm plantlife indirectly, by the acidification of soils. Acid rain can cause soil toloose nutrients such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium. In very acidconditions, aluminum becomes soluble, and is released from the soil. At highenough concentrations, aluminum can cause damage to roots. Acid rain causes anutrient imbalance, in soil. Although it is true that nitrogen promotes forestgrowth, plant life also needs other nutrients. Precipitation polluted bynitrogen can contain heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, and lead. Thisprocess is known as nitrogen saturation.1 These too, can cause damage to treeroots. Besides trees, plants are also affected by acid rain. Reductions in pHlevels can cau se seed germination to be inhibited. Plant structures become weak,due to the loss of nutrients to the plants tissues.4 Flowering of certainplants may not occur due to lack of essential minerals. Marine life is alsogreatly affect by acid rain. Acid water can leach high levels of aluminum fromthe bedrock. Rocks that contain great amounts of calcium or magnesium can act asa neutralizer. Those rocks and soils that lack some sort of buffers can causegrave damage to marine fish and plants. There are two ways in which aluminum canharm aquatic environments. It can cause a fish to suffocate, because aluminumprecipitates in gills, thus interfering in the transport of oxygen. Secondly,fish produce mucus to combat the aluminum, in their gills. The mucus then buildsup a clogs the fishs gills.5 In middle latitudes many bodies of waterexperience what is called acid shock.4 Over the winter acid deposits canbuild up on snow. As the snow melts, the acids are released. Most fish cansurvive shock, but their eggs cannot adapt to acidification. When there is achange in the chemistry of water, the ecology of the water begins to change. Thenumber and variety of species are altered. At a pH level of 6.0 certain types ofzooplankton and green algae begin to disappear. The loss of green plants allowsmore UV light to penetrate to further depths, so certain types of snails andphyto-plankton disappear. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are also affected byacid rain.5 The low pH stunts their growth. Not only does acid rain killspecies, but also it alters the food supply for higher fauna. If there is adecrease in the number of bottom dwelling organisms (benthos), there can be adecline in the number of insects, such as mosquitoes and flies. This puts astress on carnivorous fish. Birds that eat these fish, which may contain highlevels of aluminum, will then produce eggs with soft-shells. Their young willmost likely not survive. Humans are not immune to the effects of acid rain. .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .postImageUrl , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:hover , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:visited , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:active { border:0!important; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:active , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Histories Maladies Essay We will write a custom essay on Acid Rain (1229 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People that are exposed to high concentrations of acidic pollution are known tohave respiratory problems. SO2 can react with water vapor to form fine particlesof sulphate. If inhaled, these particles can cause severe damage to lung tissue. The affect can be a simple cough or chest cold, or as dangerous as asthma orchronic bronchitis. Humans can consume aluminum by drinking water or eatingcrops that have contaminated by acid precipitation. If ingested in largequantities, it can have toxic effects on human health. Many doctors believe thataluminum consumption can lead to Alzheimers disease.1 We see the effects ofacidification everyday. All forms of acid precipitation may damage automotivecoatings. The damaged is mostly observed on newly painted vehicles. It is theevaporation of acidic moisture that causes the damage. Many headstones andbuildings and statues, such as the Statue of Liberty, are affected in the sameway. Acid deposition can cause fading of these structures. Churches andcathedrals also suffer.3 The United States is trying to take care of thisproblem through environmental legislation. Title IV of the Clean Air ActAmendments of 1990, calls for a 10 million ton reduction in the number ofemissions of sulfur dioxi de.3 One way of reducing emissions is lowering theproduction of sulphate aerosol cans. Since this act was passed, hospitals havewitnessed a significantly lower number of cases of respiratory problems. Thereare other ways that we can alleviate the problems of acid deposition. A processknown as liming can increase the pH levels of bodies of water.2 Large quantitiesof hydrated lime are added to the water. The best way to solve the problemscaused by acid deposition is for industries to try to limit the emissions ofpollutants. There has been two ways in which industries have done this. Severalcompanies have switched to using fuels that have a low sulphur content. Otherindustries have used buffers on the tops of their smokestacks, to reduce theamount of (SO2) in the air.4 There is no way that we can totally eliminate aciddeposition. We as humans, are not the only creators of this problem. Over theyears, there has been an increase in the amount of annual precipitation. We canchange our way s of production to help decrease the amount of acid precipitation,but then that would be greatly affecting our way of life. More then the acidrain itself does. Just like the cycle of affects the acid rain has on aquaticand terrestrial systems, there is the same type of cycle viewed when it comes tohuman life.

Prescription Drugs free essay sample

A pharmacist is a person who is professionally qualified to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs. Pharmacists work in a hospital, clinic or community drug store. Pharmacist duties include constantly studying and learning about the properties and side effects of new drugs and communicating this information to doctors and patients. According to Mike Johnston in The Pharmacy Technician Foundation and Practices book pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medication().According to the article â€Å"Pharmacists† on the Bureau of Labor Statistic internet site pharmacists dispense patients’ prescription medicine and offer advice on medicine’s safe use. Pharmacists verify instructions from physicians on the proper amounts of medication to give to patients and fill prescriptions. They check if the drug will interact negatively with other drugs that the patient is currently taking or the condition the patient may have. When the patient comes to pick up their prescription the pharmacist may instruct the patient on how to take the medication and the potential side effects of the medication. We will write a custom essay sample on Prescription Drugs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pharmacist must complete insurance forms and work with insurance companies to be sure that patients get the medicines they need. Pharmacists also oversee the work of pharmacy technicians and interns. Pharmacists may work with and teach other healthcare practitioners about proper medication therapies for patients (Bureau â€Å"Pharmacist†). According to the article â€Å"Pharmacist Facts and Tools† on the U. S. PharmD internet site, pharmacists participate in multidisciplinary clinical care teams (U. S. PharmD Pharmacists).Pharmacists take continuing education throughout their career to keep up with the latest advances in pharmacological science. According to the article â€Å"Pharmacists† on the Bureau of Labor Statistic internet site pharmacists must have a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D. ) degree from an accredited school. Pharmacists must also be licensed. In order to become licensed one is required to pass two exams. One of the exams is in pharmacy knowledge and skills and the other is in pharmacy law in the state giving the pharmacy license.All Doctor of Pharmacy programs require applicants to have taken postsecondary courses such as chemistry, biology, and anatomy. Applicants must have two to three years of undergraduate study. Applicants must also have a bachelor’s degree for some programs. Pharm. D. programs usually take three to four years to finish. Courses in pharmacology and medical ethics are included in the Pharm. D. programs. Pharmacists must also have supervised work experiences in different settings, which include hospitals and retail pharmacies.In order to seek an advanced pharmacy position, such as a clinical pharmacy or research job, pharmacists must complete a one to two year residency following their Pharm. D. While some pharmacists that own their own store may choose to get a master’s degree in business administration others may get a degree in public health (Bureau â€Å"Pharmacists†). According to the article â€Å"Pharmacists† on the Bureau of Labor Statistic internet site from the year 2010 to 2020 the employment of pharmacists is expected to increase by twenty five percent. The employment as of the year 2010 is 247,900.The projected employment in 2020 is said to be 344,600. The employment change from 2010-2020 is 69,700. More people are expected to get insurance coverage for medications. Since the number of older people is increasing this occupation is in demand. New pharmacists should expect good job prospects because a significant number of pharmacists are expected to retire in the coming decade. Demand is likely to increase for pharmacists in physicians offices, nursing homes, and outpatient care centers as well. This is because older people use more prescription medicines than younger people use(Bureau â€Å"Pharmacist†).According to the article Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians: Facts and Figures on the Department for Professional Employees internet site about 10,000 baby boomers will reach retirement age every day over the next twenty years (Department Pharmacists). According to the article â€Å"Pharmacists† on the Bureau of Labor Statistic internet site more pharmacists will be needed to inform patients on how to use their medication safely as health care continues to become more complex and as more people are now taking multiple medications.The scientific advances will lead to new drug products. More people may get insurance coverage for their medications (Bureau â€Å"Pharmacist†). According to the article â€Å"Pharmacist Facts and Toolsâ₠¬  on the U. S. PharmD internet site, new drugs are appearing at a faster rate. Most of these new drugs have gained almost immediate widespread acceptance. This requires continual updating of the pharmacists information base and the need to maintain ongoing skills in counseling patients and other members of health care teams (U.S. PharmD Pharmacists). According to the article Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians: Facts and Figures on the Department for Professional Employees internet site employment for pharmacists between 2008 and 2018 is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations. While demand has slowed down the last two years, overall, trends indicate that job openings created by employment growth and the need to replace workers who retire or leave will exceed the number of degrees granted in pharmacy.Pharmacy services are still in demand due to their structural importance in the health care delivery system, despite the tough economic times and decreasing sales growth. In the year 2008, independent and community pharmacies represented an $88 billion marketplace. They sold thirty-seven percent of all nationwide pharmaceuticals (Department Pharmacists). Pharmacists have very well salaries. According to the article Pharmacist on the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics internet site the median annual wage as of May 2010 for pharmacists was $111,570. Pharmacists receive $53. 64 per hour. Pharmacists in the lower ten percent earned less than $82,090 while pharmacists in the top ten percent earned more than $138,620. The majority of pharmacists work full time. This is due to the fact that pharmacies are often open at all hours. Some pharmacists may work nights and weekends (Bureau â€Å"Pharmacist†). According to the article Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians: Facts and Figures on the Department for Professional Employees internet site median earnings vary minimally for pharmacists when the specific type of employment is considered.In the year 2010, the median wages for pharmacists ranged from $107,530 to $112,860 in places such as drug stores, grocery stores, department stores, general medical and surgical hospitals, and other general stores (Department Pharmacists). Prescription drugs have their place in our medically advanced society. According to the article The Pros and Cons of Prescription Drugs on the Livestrong internet site there are a large number of disease that people would die from if it was not for prescription drugs.An unspecified amount of prescription drugs seem to make life easier when you have a small ailment such as the flu or a cough. Prescription drugs have a dark side as well. From too many prescription drugs dealt by the hands of responsible pharmacists and doctors can stem serious misuse, dependency and addiction. The pros and cons of prescription drugs must be carefully weighed before making a decision of whether or not to take them (Livestrong Pros). One advantage for prescription drugs are for cures and remedies. According to the article The Pros and Cons Of Prescription Drugs on the Livestrong internet site prescription drugs can often be the answer for life-threatening conditions including high cholesterol, high blood pressure or even cancer. There are a number of people whose lives are saved daily because of prescription drugs because these drugs help stimulate and mimic a well-functioning body. Without prescription drugs they would have a lower quality of life and even risk death (Livestrong Pros). Another advantage of prescription drugs are for short term solution.According to the article The Pros and Cons Of Prescription Drugs on the Livestrong internet site not all prescription drugs are used to treat serious illnesses. From time to time an unspecified amount of prescription drugs are used to treat small ailments with excellent success. Prescription drugs that are only used while the patient is sick includes antibiotics for infections, flu medication and prescription cough medicine. An unspecified amount of prescription drugs cure ailment, while other prescription drugs make it easier to live with so that the patient can tolerate the sickness.When dealing with short-term illnesses prescription drugs make life simply easier (Livestrong Pros). According to the article The Pros and Cons of the FDA Drug Investigation on the Fox News internet site an advantage of the Food and Drug administration is that public awareness may grow about drugs that are commonly misused. The Food and Drug Administration is now being held to a higher standard of disclosure, and this way the public can track its thinking and investigate processes rather than just being shocked by news reports of unpredicted black box warnings.This may lead to physicians being more cautious when prescribing new treatments without considering the potential adverse effects (Fox Pros). A disadvantage of prescription drugs is their potential to be addictive. According to the article Prescription Drugs on the N ational Institute on Drug Abuse internet site prescription drug abuse means taking a prescription drug that is not prescribed for a person, or a person taking prescription drugs for reasons or in dosages other than as they are prescribed. Abuse of prescription drugs can produce serious health effects, including addiction (National Prescription).According to the article The Pros and Cons of Prescription Drugs on the Livestrong internet site an unspecified amount of people who take prescription drugs that were only meant for a short amount of time find themselves dependent upon them unfortunately. Dosages, length of time on the prescribed drug and the type of prescribed drug can all contribute to the chance that the patient can become addicted to the prescribed drug. Drugs prescribed for insomnia and pain that are also narcotics especially put patients at risk for dependency.Unfortunately not all health professionals are as cautious and as careful as they should be when prescribing these drugs (Livestrong Pro). According to the article Prescription Drugs on the National Institute on Drug Abuse internet site commonly abused classes of prescription drugs include opioids, central nervous system depressants, and stimulants . Opioids are prescribed drugs used for pain. Opioids include hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin), oxymorphone (Opana), propoxyphene (Darvon), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), and diphenoxylate (Lomotil) (National Prescription).According to the article Prescription Drug Abuse on the Kidshealth internet site opiods abuse can lead to vomiting, mood changes, decrease in ability to think, and even decreased respiratory function, coma, or death (Kidshealth Prescription). According to the article Prescription Drugs on the National Institute on Drug Abuse internet site central nervous system depressants include pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal), diazepam (Valium), and aplrazolam (Xanax) (National Prescription).According to the article Prescription Drug Abuse on the Kidshealth internet site central nervous system depressants have risks too. When a person abruptly stops or reduces the drug too quickly can lead to seizures. When a person takes these central nervous system depressants with other medication, such as p rescription pain killers, some over-the-counter cold and allergy medications, or alcohol can slow a persons breathing and heartbeat and even kill the person (Kidshealth Prescription).According to the article Prescription Drugs on the National Institute on Drug Abuse internet site stimulants include dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) and Methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta) (National Prescription). According to the article Prescription Drug Abuse on the Kidshealth internet site abusing stimulants like most attention deficient hyperactivity disorder drugs may cause heart failure or seizures. These risks are increased when stimulants are mixed with other medications.When a person takes too much of a stimulant it can lead a person to develop a dangerously high body temperature or an irregular heartbeat. If a person is taking several high doses over a short amount of time may cause a drug abuser to be aggressive or paranoid. Even though stimulant abuse might not lead to physical dependence and withdrawal, the feelings these drugs give people can cause them to use the drugs more and more often so they become a habit that is hard to break (Kidshealth Prescription). Another disadvantage of prescribed drugs are misuse.According to the article The Pros and Cons of Prescription Drugs on the Livestrong internet site prescription drugs are subject to misuse by those who were not intended to take the prescribed drug. Once the prescription has been written out and filled, it is no longer in the doctors hands. In an effort to feel some of the side effects of the prescribed drug adults and teenagers take prescription drugs that were not intended for them. Having these prescription drugs in the home means easy access and pill-sharing among friends.Easy access to these prescribed drugs can cause serious injury and even death from misuse and overdose (Livestrong Pros). According to the article Prescription Drug Abuse on the Kidshealth internet site some people experiment with prescription drugs because they think the drugs will help them have more fun, lose weight, fit in, and even study more efficiently. In a 2009 survey from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention shows that prescription drug abuse is on the rise, with twenty percent of teenagers saying that they have taken a prescription drug without a doctors prescription.Abuse may also be because an unspecified amount of people believe that prescription drugs are safer and less addictive than street drugs. But prescription drugs are only safe for the individuals who actually have prescriptions for them because the doctor has examined these people and prescribed the right dose of medication for their specific medical condition (Kidshealth Prescription). The bottom line is that there is a time and place for prescription drugs. When a person takes the prescribed drug properly, the drugs can enhance a persons life and make ailments easier to deal with.On the contrary when a person misuses prescription drugs it becomes a problem in a society with a general attitude that if a doctor prescribes it, it must be suitable for anyone to take it. The usage of prescription drugs should be carefully monitored by health care providers. When prescription drugs are in a persons home the drug should be secured without easy access. The only person who should be taking a prescribed medication is the person whose name is on the prescribed bottle in the correct dosages.

Essay question Essays - Dentistry, Health, Dental Hygienist

Essay question Essays - Dentistry, Health, Dental Hygienist Essay question: "Describe an occupational health, occupational safety or campus environmental issue relevant to your university/ college or community (provide supporting information, facts and data). Examine and discuss what actions and/or programs are needed to solve this issue." Most have to go through life's struggles of discovering what type of person they are and then eventually who they want to be. For me, this process took minimal searching because I've always known myself to be conscientious of others, caring, well grounded, and passionate about whatever I have my intentions set on. After countless conversations with my dental hygienist, my interest in becoming a hygienist came as a result of who I am and who I wanted to be. While studying for my undergraduate degree in 2010, I had an amazing opportunity volunteering with the Piedmont Regional Missions of Mercy Project. This experience allowed me to help dental patients without healthcare. This allowed me to gain insight to understand the importance of providing patient care and promote good health. As I got older and was able to explore the different fields in dentistry, I knew dental hygiene would be my primary choice. It is the field of dentistry that best compliments the attributes of me as a perso n which gives me an opportunity to help people better themselves with the passion and knowledge I possess. With that and the implementation of my skill set, I would have the opportunity to make it a career. After having the pleasure of working under the exceptional Dr. Garland Davis, it is without a doubt that dental hygiene has become a passion of mine. While being employed for him, I was able to observe, understand, and assist with the tasks that the hygienists and Dr. Davis performed. This allowed me to gain insight to understand the importance of providing patient care and promote good health. Learning, understanding, and completing task that involved the day-to-day operations of the profession provided hands on comprehension and application. This experience was very beneficial and crucial in aiding my learning process with the field. My congruent work experience from past programs has informed me tremendously in the multi faceted nature of health care business. My life goal won 't be accomplished until I can help as many individuals through my work as possible. This degree will not only aid in my achievement, but will give me the tools to have the best career.

Homelessness in America

Homelessness in America Free Online Research Papers Homelessness in America S.L. Smith Homelessness in America is a serious problem. I believe that our government does not take this problem as serious as it should. When I moved to Florida 15 years ago I noticed a few homeless people here and there. It is an every day occurrence for me now on my way to work. There should be more funding for these people to live like the rest of us. It irritates me to see all of the money that we supply the space program with and we have homeless and starving people here on Earth. I think that most people are appalled by the sight of homeless and ignore them. It seems to me that most people think that being homeless is the homeless persons fault. Recently, I noticed two men sitting on a curb holding sign saying that they would work for food. I stopped at a fast food restaurant and bought them something to eat. I don’t have any work to give them, but offered them some advice as to where the local social service office was. In my conversation with them I learned that the help that they could receive was limited as they lived in the woods and had no legal address. I was also informed that there was a very small list of homeless shelters and that they were at capacity. It seems so wrong that these people have to live this way. According to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, there were 754,000 homeless people across America and for almost half of these people there were not enough beds to go around. Of these homeless people, nearly h alf were single adult men. Eitzen, D.S., Zinn, M.B., Smith, K. E. (2009). Social Problems (11th Edition). United States: Pearson Education. For the homeless, the consequences are many. Most of the homeless do not have jobs, although a study in 2007 performed by the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that 17.4% of homeless adults in families were employed while 13% of homeless single adults or unaccompanied youth were employed. National Coalition for the Homeless. (2007, August) Health Care and Homeless. Program and Policy Issues. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/health.html Without employment people go without food and medicine. Although there are some programs in place to help with these issues, it is hard for them to receive help without a valid address. Homeless children experience many health difficulties. Nine million children in the United States don’t have health insurance. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2007). Health Insurance Coverage. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from census.gov Children without insurance, compared with children who do, are more likely to go without proper medical attention when needed and are more likely to go without much needed prescriptions. I think that our government should come up with some type of bill that makes sure that every person in the United States has some type of health coverage. The easier it is for people to get medical attention the healthier we are as a society and the stronger some may be to work and pay rent. Along with that, I think it is necessary for our government to make sure that there is affordable housing all over for the poorest of people and some sort of financial assistance to help them get on their feet. In some states General Assistance is available for the poorest of single people, but it has been cut from several states because of cut backs our government has made despite the evidence that receiving General Assistance reduces homelessness. National Coalit ion for the Homeless. (2007, August) Health Care and Homeless. Program and Policy Issues. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/health.html I think it is wrong to cut this when so many people need it. Our government officials are the ones holding the bag of money, so to speak, so I think that they should find a solution to this ever growing problem. If I were to try to solve this problem, I would first cut some programs out of the budget or at least put them on hold for a few years so the problem of homelessness could be taken better care of. I would first try to figure out a way to make sure that there were enough shelters and half way houses for these people coming off the streets. I think that I would try to figure out a way to teach these people how to take care of themselves and be productive in society if they needed a little bit of guidance. The General Assistance grant would have to be available in every state. I think that this is so important for people that have no other means of supporting themselves, until they get back on their feet. Our government helps people coming from other countries coming here to live, and I think that it should help the ones that already live here. Since I started this research paper, I have talked to several people in my circle of friends about the topic. I think that it is interesting that we all feel very compassionate about getting these people help, but don’t know exactly what to do and how to go about it. Sure, a soup kitchen here and there is great. And donating money to charity to help the homeless is a start, but we all agree that there has to be more government involvement. As stated by my friend, Debbie, â€Å"We are so quick to tell other countries how to run their governments and how to treat their citizens. In the past, we have sent so much money to other countries to help them rebuild and take care of their homeless, displaced citizens. What we should be doing is cleaning up our own back yard and minding to our own citizens†. In my opinion, I could have not said it better. References Eitzen, D.S., Zinn, M.B., Smith, K.E. (2009). Social Problems (11th Edition). United States: Pearson Education National Coalition for the Homeless. (2007, August) Health Care and Homeless. Program and Policy Issues. Retrieved March 16,2009, from nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/health.html U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2007). Health Insurance Coverage. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from census.gov Research Papers on Homelessness in AmericaTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Walt Disney and Organizational Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Walt Disney and Organizational Value - Essay Example The study also talks about how the value of organization is enhanced by close collaboration and communication between different organizations. If two organizations willingly share information with each other it would become increasingly important for the success of the organization because the organization is exposed to more learning opportunities in this case. Hence, an organizational value is not only created by its resources, but also by new knowledge and information that it can learn over time. This will also lead to organizational development. (Winklen) Another important aspect of organizational value creation is the organization’s willingness and ability to meet the needs of its stakeholders and customers. No business can thrive without having satisfied customers because they bring money to the organization. No organization would be able to operate efficiently if its customers are unhappy or does not transact with the company. Many customers often ask for too many things . Businesses, as a result, are forced to do conjoin analysis in order to decide trade-offs. They would be willing to sacrifice certain less important features of a product or service and replace them with important elements to create value for their stakeholders and customers. Many companies which fail to develop customer-driven approaches fail in their ability to satisfy and retain their customers over long run. They are forced out of the business by their competitors who focus on constantly creating and disseminating value for their customers. In the recent fast and competitive environment, there is no luxury for any business to become complacent, because if a laid-back strategy is chosen, the cut-throat competition in the industry will force the company out of the business. (Toomb and Bailey) A study done by Krista Jaakson highlights the organizational value dimensions as showed in the Figure 1 below. The model highlights three dimensional levels. The first level is about surviva l values, the second level is about ethical value dimension and the third stage is about well-being dimension. Any organization starts from the survival value in order to succeed in the first changing business environment. In the first stage, organization has to set its system rights. They need to develop proper financial report systems, set conservatives values, and control volatility in the economic environment. After all of this is achieved, the organization moves to the second level of value dimension. Here the organization is concerned about ethical values. In this level, there is greater advocacy for creating interpersonal value, ethical values and general humane behavior. The third level of value is achieved through developing proper vision values, emotional values and self actualization values. Achievement of this results in proper value creation for the organization’s stakeholders. The sum of all these value dimensions is greater than the amount of input used in valu e creation. It is where the synergy is created and the value created by the organization is greater than its costs and efforts involved in creating the value. (Jaakson) Figure 1: Organizational Value Dimensions Source: (Jaakson) Walt Disney is a large company. The majority shareholder of the company at one time was Steve Jobs with over 10% equity investment in the company. It is America’s large media conglomerate. The company’s financial statements are decorated with amazing financial figures. In 2011 alone, the company earned

Mini Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mini Paper - Essay Example This feeling not only compels us to give back, but also makes us want to be least indebted to others. This principle applies in interpersonal relationships where people feel obliged to each other. One good instance is that between a seller and buyer. Before putting this principle into application, you need to ask yourself two basic questions. First, do your customers feel like you are giving them something of good quality? Secondly, how do you let your customers know the most beneficial way of thanking you for whatever things you provide? These two questions can help you develop strong marketing ideas. When applying this principle, you need to take extra caution- this principle can easily be used to mislead or deceive people. Such instances include when selling product at prices that are unfair, or when intending to exert undue influence on people. Honesty must also be maintained, trying to persuade people into doing things that are wrong is manipulative as well as unethical. Always be the first person to give; do this without the perception of getting something in return. Offers include discounts, bonus points or something that is specially offered to the customer alone, and not the public. Your gift should come first ahead of the buyers’. To make this principle more effective, you can give another offer when the sale has been made to earn mutual friendship with the customer. Try to offer your customers ways of showing their support. This can be achieved by informing them on the various means of contributing to your business growth. Examples include, â€Å"kindly tell your friends about us...etc. Certain companies have gone as far as opening blogs and web forums where happy customers rate and post their experiences with your business. Be the final giver: in the first instance, you gave an incentive and the customer gave you business. You therefore need to give the

The Servant Leadership Essay Example for Free

The Servant Leadership Essay What does servant leadership mean to you, and how can you practice servant leadership in your college community?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my own humble view, servant leadership may be defined as a person who lives in the service of others even as he strives to lead them towards the fulfillment of certain objectives and goals. A servant leader is usually embodied in a person who epitomizes the 10 principles of servant leadership as listed by Larry Spears of Greenleaf Center. These 10 principles are listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, and lastly, building community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that since I am a gay man living in a homophobic world, I will be able to use and develop the aforementioned skills that I know I possess, in my quest to help the homosexual community. I can help them learn how to gain social and personal acceptance in the world just as I did. We live in a world that claims to be accepting and tolerating of the third sex. With all the various cause oriented groups and gay rights advocate movement that abound, this would certainly seem to ring true. But the truth of the matter is that the world is still homophobic of people that they deem to be different from what is traditionally dictated to be normal. This is why I want to be a servant leader in my college community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will make it my personal crusade to insure that the gay and heterosexual communities in my future college will learn how to co-exist in peace through my example. As a servant leader, I will make it my personal duty to listen to the heterosexuals and explain to them about where my fellow gay people are coming from. I will empathize with both parties and make sure that they will listen and understand the reality of a homosexual life and why we are just like any other normal people. These things have to be accomplished in order to heal the wounds caused by decades of sexual ignorance and bigotry. A servant leader must always be self aware and generally aware of his surroundings. It is also my duty to insure that my fellow students and servant leaders are aware of important matters that will be of importance to our organization and community and insure that these are dealt with speedily and accordingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I plan to serve my college community by using my foresight and skills in conceptualizing and creating relevant activities that will foster camaraderie amongst all the students and faculty on campus. I will insure that everyone participating in the activity will be very keen on helping develop the personal, professional, and spiritual growth of each participant. Such activities can be in the form of fundraisers, sports and music festivals, as well as other activities as suggested by the organization members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reality if the situation is that servant leaders, most specially those who begin in their local community college or corporations hold the future of human lives in their hands. As a servant leader, I have the ability to shape the world and affect the lives of the people around me in a highly positive manner.   In a way, a servant leader is in charge of building a community that can co-exist regardless of differing beliefs and perceptions. What is important is that I will be given a chance to lay the groundwork for a strong community composed of cooperative heterosexuals and homosexuals that will serve as the model organization for the others in my college community.

Analysis of Fable by Nina Cassian :: Cassian Fable Essays

Analysis of Fable by Nina Cassian Whereas the extent of my poetic appreciation lies in a decided distaste for Dante and a zest for limericks concerning Nantucket - it behooves me to discuss a poem that my limited capacities can grasp. Fable by Nina Cassian is just such a poem. I view this piece as Ms. Cassian's perspective on life (a "sentence" or an obligation), death, and sadly, the fact that most people do not appreciate the beautific nature of existence. I understand the first stanza as a depiction of man's earthly plane as a sort of testing ground for "angels" - a place where beings are concerned with the development of spirit, "to master imbalance." The second and third stanzas I interpret as the transformation of the ethereal spirit to a corporeal state. The "angel plummeted" and thus left spiritual beauty in a quest for purity. The angel,s descent is clearly painful: "...feathers carbonized, his sole wing impotent, dangling." Though the cost of corporeal existence is dear, I believe Ms. Cassian sees this as an obligation which must be met, a "sentence." The final sentence is the saddest. The nature of this newly formed being is mundanely categorized. The "people" fail to see its purpose and its intrinsic beauty; by extension, they have lost their own missions, their own true value. They have forgotten God. The second poem was written by an astonishingly brillant N.Y.U. student hoping to receive an "A" in an introductory literature course taught by a fascinating (and underpaid) professsor. 12/2/97 is the date that this author spent approximately six minutes dead. He had minored in theology and had developed a healthy scepticism concerning all religions. The author had laughed at so called "near-death experiences -" believing them either fantasy or resultant of a chemical secretion of the frontal lobe in times of catastrophic distress. This erstwhile pillager of the business world, this glorified "strett hustler" discovered upon his demise that as the "people" of Fable he had lost his way, his appreciation, his God.

Importance of Swot Analysis Essay

Why is the process of conducting an internal and external analysis on a regular basis important for any size company? The process of an internal and external analysis on a regular basis is important for any size company because it allows the company to know where it stands at the moment and determines the development and forecasts of those factors that will influence the organizational success. This is also known as environmental scanning where the external and the internal environments are scanned for information like ongoing trends patterns, occasions and changes going around and the effect it has to both these environments. External analysis: These analyses are performed outside the firm and depend on the following factors: a, MACRO: technological, demographic/economic, political/legal and social/cultural, national and global environment b. MICRO: competitors, suppliers, customers, publics, channels etc. Internal Analysis: This analysis is performed within the firm that includes the employees, management and the shareholders, resources, organisational structure etc. SWOT Analysis  The most common way of analyzing this external and internal environment is by performing the SWOT analysis. SWOT is an acronym used that describes Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that are strategic elements for a firm. A SWOT analysis should not only result in the identification of a corporation’s core competencies, but also in the identification of opportunities that the firm is not currently able to take advantage of due to a lack of appropriate resources. (Wheelen, Hunger pg 107) The External analysis comprises of the Opportunities and Threats that the company needs to identify or focus on for its profitability and development of defensive actions. * Opportunities: This analyzes the area where the firm can identify its opportunities so as to have a competitive advantage over its competitors. Once identified, the firm has to work on them to make it one of its strengths. Its main aim is to find an area where they need to develop to be profitable. * Threats: These are the threats that the firm faces from outside the firm and can be from any of the external sources. The firm has to be prepared to tackle these threats by developing strategic decisions when required so that it does not affect their profitability or sales. The Internal analysis focuses on the internal environment of the organisation and analyzes the Strengths and Weaknesses of the company. * Strengths: These are the core competencies of the firm that provides them the advantage of achieving their goals. These should be aligned in meeting the customer requirements because at the end of the day, it is the customer whom they serve. Therefore, it should be customer focussed and market oriented. * Weaknesses: These refer to the firm’s limitations in fulfilling their strategic decisions or failure to implement them. It has to be analyzed from the customer’s point of view so as to get a clear idea. These steps need to analyze the firm’s resources and the capabilities to meet their goals and identify events and trends that might impact the strategic plans and decisions of the company.

Bletchley Park Essay

Bletchley Park, code named ‘Station X’, was and still is a mansion 50 miles North-West of London. It was bought by MI5 as an evacuation site and code breaking centre for the German ‘Enigma’. Bletchley Park was bought by Admiral Sinclair, the Chief of MI6. There other posts, ‘Station Y’s’, which intercepted the messages from the Germans and in turn, when sorted, sent the messages to ‘Station X’. These listening posts were set up to steal German messages off the radio waves. ‘Station X’ relied on the availability of these intercepted messages to break. Most of the staff in the ‘Y Stations’ were women. Basically, the ‘Y Stations’ were to pick up the messages and ‘Station X’ was to use the messages to decode and break the keys. As the war progressed it became easier for the operators to find the right frequencies at the right times, when the German transmissions were being sent. The messages were recorded in Morse code. All the administrative staff worked on interception whilst the academics worked on the actual code breaking, like the mathematicians, cryptic crossword solvers and chess players. Most of the workers in general were young. Most of the admin staff was girls and women, most of them linguists, and the code breakers were mathematicians, as Enigma was breakable by maths and equations some were also just ordinary chess players. However, by the end of 1941 Daily Telegraph cryptic crossword solvers were also taken in, as well as some of the old code breakers around, from the G. C. & C. S. At first the Navy were too proud to be interested in the transmissions, but later realised just how important Bletchley Park was. Gordon Welchman was a young mathematician, from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; and it was he who was responsible for the reorganisation of Bletchley Parks’ work into a fully functional code breaking site. He also introduced a five-point plan that would increase the efficiency of the work being produced. This was: close co-ordination of radio interception, the analysis of the intercepted messages, breaking the Enigma and Non-Enigma keys, decoding the messages from the broken keys and then extracting useful information from the decoded messages. It was then that Denniston began recruiting the high quality staff that was needed. In early 1939 the construction started of wooden huts centred on the mansion. The first huts built were numbered 1,2,3,4 & 5. The Naval Section moved into Hut 4 alongside the mansion on the South side. When Hut 5 was completed the Army section moved there and the dining room became a mess room, where the military had previously used as their base at ‘Station X’. However, Knox, Jeffrey’s and Turing moved into the Cottage in the Stable Yard so that they could work better with less distractions. Not many of the first arrivals knew what they were doing and had very little experience, but learnt quickly. The new young operators also knew nothing about their foreseeable work. After the first arrivals, Denniston’s mathematicians arrived, but they did not get on well with the older more experienced code breakers. This was because the older code breakers felt â€Å"out-of-date† as the new lot were young and had a different method to code breaking. It became blatant that the biggest break-through was from the mathematicians from the first years of the war. They were getting closer and closer to breaking the Enigma. Messages were sent to other huts via a broomstick and a wooden tunnel that was constructed to increase secrecy between a few of the more important huts (later on the messages were blasted along the tunnels with compressed air), like Hut 6 and Hut 3. Although, Hut 6 paid little attention to the messages they received from Hut 3 as they just did their job and the other huts would do theirs. Most of the messages that arrived at Hut 3 seldom made sense. When the messages were complete they were sent down to MI6 HQ in London by van. Hut 4 was used to break other non-Enigma codes from other foreign countries which was only classed as semi-important messages/codes. If some of the messages from Hut 6 were important enough then they would be classed as ‘Ultra’ or ‘Top-Secret’. There was also a slim chance that any foreign spy could get into ‘Station X’. the military officials would be on site to determine the importance of the messages that came out of the ‘Huts’. Bombes were also developed, these were electrical devices that made it easier to take advantage of the clues given from the coded messages. Eventually these were developed into ‘Jumbos’ a larger and faster version, that were introduced into Hut 1, but in the early part of 1941 they were dispersed and move into the ‘Outstations and Hut 11†² Later on into the war many people started taking a great deal of interest in the work done at Bletchley Park. This was because of a major incident when a crucial war ship was lost to the Germans at sea, but the Germans managed to salvage it and recover all its information it carried. However, due to the Germans’ arrogance and ignorance they did not except that Enigma had been broken, and ignored the fact that many of their messages had been decoded. After this incident, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, visited ‘Station X’ and after many consistent letters funded the project, as the Huts sometimes ran out of the simple needs of pencils and paper. At this point the ‘Yanks’ came over to help the Allied, only after they were bombed by the Japanese. Along with the Americans came new technology, many more soldiers that were properly trained and machines that were in better condition and were all better quality. This gave the Allies the advantage at this point in the war as they now had extra supplies and reinforcements. The first computer was built as well making the work a lot faster for everyone, this was code-named Colossus, it was room size. In conclusion to this, ‘Station X’ provided lots of important information for the military to use to their advantage on the battlefield. This also enabled many lives of the Allies to be saved. Without these code breakers and broken keys the war may have turn in favour of the Germans, so deeply the work that was done at ‘Station X’ was truly important. Although Bletchley Park was originally bought as an evacuation site for MI5 it became the most important code breaking site before, during and after the war.

Risk Management in the Shipping Industry Essay Example

Risk Management in the Shipping Industry Essay Example Risk Management in the Shipping Industry Essay Risk Management in the Shipping Industry Essay Risk Management in the Shipping Industry Shipping is a business that is extremely in tune with prevailing market sentiment. Its success depends on a prospering economy, due to the increased global trade. It is also partially sheltered from temporary downturns because businesses will switch from more expensive air freight, and save costs by using shipping as their means of transporting their goods instead. The industry is also an extremely competitive one, as there are only two main considerations why businesses will prefer one shipping company over another the price and speed at which their goods are delivered to their destination. This has made it difficult for companies to differentiate themselves and demand a higher premium for their services. As a highly volatile business, shippers are subjected to three main types of risk: freight price risk, fuel price risk and interest rate risk. 1) Freight price risk Freight rates have historically been very volatile, and this has made it difficult to accurately predict the cash inflows of the company. This is due to the impact of unforeseen geo-political influences and the slow speed of adjusting supply to demand. Freight price risk is thus the risk of loss arising from unexpected changes in freight rates. As a result, shippers commonly buy and sell futures contracts called freight forward agreements based on the Baltic Dry Index of bulk rates to hedge against the risk that a rise or fall in the spot rate might cut into the profit they expect from the voyage. 2) Fuel price risk Fuel prices take up a large amount of variable costs and companies try to hedge against any upward spikes. Although, it is possible to pass on these fuel surcharges to the customers, there is a limit to any increases in order for the firm to continue offering competitive pricing. Call options are often used as the solution and bought at a certain fuel strike price, to hedge against a rise in the future. If the actual price rises above the strike price, the company will choose to exercise the option to buy the fuel at the lower strike price, thereby putting a limit to their cash outflows. 3) Interest rate risk Shipping is a capital intensive industry with significant funding needs for fleet expansion and replacement purposes. Yet, it has very little opportunities to diversify its sources of funding, because most of it comes from bank debt. Some loans are at fixed interest rates, while others are at floating rates. The company thus strives to maintain the optimum mix of fixed and floating interest rates on its net debt that best reflects expectations and risks by engaging in interest rate swaps. In conclusion, the issues of variability and uncertainty in the future will always continue to plague businesses. While risk management can do very little to influence variability (markets will continue to fluctuate no matter how advanced risk management techniques become), much can be done to hedge against the uncertainty.

Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812

Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812 The Battle of New Orleans was fought December 23, 1814-January 8, 1815, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). Armies Commanders Americans Major General Andrew JacksonCommodore Daniel Pattersonapprox. 4,700-4,800 men British Major General Edward PakenhamVice Admiral Sir Alexander CochraneMajor General John Lambertapprox. 8,000-9,000 men Battle of New Orleans - Background In 1814, with the Napoleonic Wars concluding in Europe, Britain was free to focus its attention on fighting the Americans in North America. The British plan for the year called for three major offensives with one coming from Canada, another striking at Washington, and the third hitting New Orleans. While the thrust from Canada was defeated at the Battle of Plattsburgh by Commodore Thomas MacDonough and Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, the offensive in the Chesapeake region saw some success before being halted at Fort McHenry. A veteran of the latter campaign, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane moved south that fall for the attack on New Orleans. Having embarked 8,000-9,000 men, under the command of Major General Edward Pakenham, a veteran of the Duke of Wellingtons Spanish campaigns, Cochranes fleet of around 60 ships arrived off Lake Borgne on December 12. In New Orleans, the defense of the city was tasked to Major General Andrew Jackson, commanding the Seventh Military District, and Commodore Daniel Patterson who oversaw the US Navys forces in the region. Working frantically, Jackson assembled around 4,700 men which included the 7th US Infantry, 58 US Marines, a variety of militia, Jean Lafittes Baratarian pirates, as well as free black and Native American troops (Map). Battle of New Orleans - Fighting on Lake Borgne Desiring to approach New Orleans through Lake Borgne and the adjacent bayous, Cochrane directed Commander  Nicholas Lockyer to assemble a force of 42 armed longboats to sweep American gunboats from the lake.   Commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones, American forces on Lake Borgne numbered five gunboats and two small sloops of war.   Departing on December 12, Lockyers 1,200-man force located Jones squadron 36 hours later.   Closing with the enemy, his men were able to board the American vessels and overwhelm their crews.   Though a victory for British, the engagement delayed their advance and gave Jackson additional time to prepare his defenses.   Battle of New Orleans - The British Approach With the lake open, Major General John Keane landed on Pea Island and established a British garrison. Pushing forward, Keane and 1,800 men reached the east bank of the Mississippi River approximately nine miles south of the city on December 23 and encamped on the Lacoste Plantation. Had Keane continued his advance up the river, he would have found the road to New Orleans undefended.   Alerted to the British presence by  Colonel Thomas Hinds dragoons, Jackson reportedly proclaimed  By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil and commenced preparations for an immediate strike against the enemy camp. Early that evening, Jackson arrived north of Keanes position with 2,131men.   Launching a three-pronged attack on the camp, a sharp fight ensued that saw American forces inflict 277 (46 killed) casualties while sustaining 213 (24 killed). Falling back after the battle, Jackson established a line along the Rodriguez Canal four miles south of the city at Chalmette. Though a tactical victory for Keane, the American attack put the British commander off balance, causing him to delay any advance on the city. Using this time, Jacksons men began fortifying the canal, dubbing it Line Jackson. Two days later, Pakenham arrived on the scene and was angered by the armys position opposite an increasingly strong fortification. Though Pakenham initially wished to move the army through the Chef Menteur Pass to Lake Pontchartrain, he was convinced by his staff to move against Line Jackson as they believed the small American force could be easily defeated. Repelling British probing attacks on December 28, Jacksons men began eight constructing batteries along the line and on the west bank of the Mississippi. These were supported by the sloop of war USS Louisiana (16 guns) in the river.   As Pakenhams main force arrived on January 1, an artillery duel began between the opposing forces. Though several American guns were disabled, Pakenham elected to delay his main attack. Battle of New Orleans - Pakenhams Plan For his main assault, Pakenham wished an attack on both sides of the river. A force under Colonel William Thornton was to cross to the west bank, assault the American batteries, and turn their guns on Jacksons line. As this occurred, the main body of the army would attack Line Jackson with Major General Samuel Gibbs advancing on the right, with Keane to his left. A smaller force under Colonel Robert Rennie would move forward along the river. This plan quickly ran into problems as difficulties arose getting the boats to move Thorntons men from Lake Borne to the river. While a canal had been constructed, it began to collapse and the dam intended to divert water into the new channel failed. As a result, the boats had to be dragged through the mud leading to a 12-hour delay. As a result, Thornton was late in crossing on the night of January 7/8 and the current forced him to land further downstream than intended. Despite knowing that Thornton would not be in place to attack in concert with the army, Pakenham elected to move forward. Additional delays soon occurred when Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Mullens 44th Irish Regiment, which was meant to lead Gibbs attack and bridge the canal with ladders and fascines, could not be found in the morning fog. With dawn approaching, Pakenham ordered the attack to begin. While Gibbs and Rennie advanced, Keane was further delayed. Battle of New Orleans - Standing Firm As his men moved onto the Chalmette plain, Pakenham hoped that the dense fog would provide some protection. This was soon dashed as the fog melted away under the morning sun. Seeing the British columns before their line, Jacksons men opened an intense artillery and rifle fire upon the enemy. Along the river, Rennies men succeeded in taking a redoubt in front of the American lines. Storming inside, they were halted by fire from the main line and Rennie was shot dead. On the British right, Gibbs column, under heavy fire, was approaching the ditch in front of the American lines but lacked the fascines to cross (Map). With his command falling apart, Gibbs was soon joined by Pakenham who led the wayward 44th Irish forward. Despite their arrival, the advance remained stalled and Pakenham was soon wounded in the arm. Seeing Gibbs men faltering, Keane foolishly ordered the 93rd Highlanders to angle across the field to their aid. Absorbing fire from the Americans, the Highlanders soon lost their commander, Colonel Robert Dale. With his army collapsing, Pakenham ordered Major General John Lambert to lead the reserves forward. Moving to rally the Highlanders, he was struck in the thigh, and then mortally wounded in the spine. The loss of Pakenham was soon followed by the death of Gibbs and the wounding of Keane. In a matter of minutes, the entirety of British senior command on the field was down. Leaderless, British troops remained on the killing field. Pushing forward with the reserves, Lambert was met by the remnants of the attack columns as they fled towards the rear. Seeing the situation as hopeless, Lambert pulled back. The only success of the day came across the river where Thorntons command overwhelmed the American position. This too was surrendered though after Lambert learned that it would take 2,000 men to hold the west bank. Battle of New Orleans - Aftermath The victory at New Orleans on January 8 cost Jackson around 13 killed, 58 wounded, and 30 captured for a total of 101. The British reported their losses as 291 killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 captured/missing for a total of 2,037. A stunningly one-sided victory, the Battle of New Orleans was the signature American land victory of the war. In the wake of the defeat, Lambert and Cochrane withdrew after bombarding Fort St. Philip. Sailing to Mobile Bay, they captured Fort Bowyer in February and made preparations for attacking Mobile. Before the attack could go forward, the British commanders learned that a peace treaty had been signed at Ghent, Belgium. In fact, the treaty had been signed on December 24, 1814, prior to the majority of the fighting in New Orleans. Though the United States Senate had yet to ratify the treaty, its terms stipulated that fighting should cease. While the victory at New Orleans did not influence the content of the treaty, it did aid in forcing the British to abide by its terms. In addition, the battle made Jackson a national hero and aided in propelling him to the presidency. Selected Sources US Army Center for Military History: Battle of New OrleansAndrew Jackson: Leading the Battle of New OrleansJean Lafitte National Historical Park

Accounting Assumptions, Principles and Constrains Essay

Accounting Assumptions, Principles and Constrains - Essay Example n that assumes that the economic entity has a significant past and future for purposes of recording costs of assets and inventory and decision making based on those costs in the present. Additionally, there are the Monetary Unit assumptions that keeps score with money, but it typically ignores inflation and deflation of currencies; the value and unit of currency are understood to be firm; otherwise, there is transaction with global divisions that uses other currencies besides the U.S. Dollar. Finally there is an accounting Periods assumption that assumes that the periodical accounting periods is applicable and accountants can stop to analyze financial statements. Historical Costs (assets and liabilities) characteristically report on the chronological cost and then adjusted to fair market value when the needs of reporting require it. However, the cost of assets went up some years thereby did not reflect what it is worth to other buyers or the cost of replacement. (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2005).   Revenue Recognition is the recording of revenues when they are realized and earned. (Pratt, J. 2011). This is one of challenge that accrual-based accounting is trying to solve. Notably, receiving cash from a sales order doesn’t mean that everything has to earn the revenue especially when they are shipped. In other words, it is sometimes possible to sell goods or services without receiving cash. Therefore, Matching Expenses to Revenues means matching fixed cost of the revenues or recording profit in the income statement based on the best profit on revenues and expenses. This often leads to Full Disclosure where accountants record and report every bit of information in the numbers and footnotes of financial statements that fairly represent the activities of the business entity in that accounting period. This procedure is perfect; however, for decision-making it is expected to leave out or add things that are relevant to the decision being made. In most cases, Cost and Benefit is

Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem - Essay Example For instance, there may be higher numbers of tourist during the summer season and chances are that crime will escalate at that time. Additionally, rural records may experience higher cases of crime given the fact that planting seasons attract high numbers of workers. It is also very likely to find higher reports of crime during the summer season rather than any other season. One explanation for this is the fact that townships normally have higher alcoholic drinkers in the summer than in the winter. These and many other factors explain the variance in crime patterns recorded over time. (Field, 1990) Economic factors are quite crucial in the process of analyzing crime patterns. This is because persons who feel the pinch of an economic downturn are the marginalized individuals. They are the ones who react sharply to these changes by committing crimes. For example, research has shown that when the economy recedes, consumption patterns are also adversely affected. When the economy is doing well, people's consumption tendencies increase. (Hirsh & Goldthorpe, 1978) Consequently, potential criminals also increase consumption patterns because they have the ability to meet their needs. On the other hand, when consumption tendencies reduce, then higher there will be higher cases of crime; this is especially in relation to property crimes. The reason for this is that the economically marginalized need to meet their expenses but economic pressures may deter them from doing this. Consequently, they end up choosing illegal methods of acquiring property. (Field, 1999) Additionally, one must not ignore the link between crime and the availability of goods. Some research in this area shows that there is a link between crime and stock available. The two factors re directly affected in that when stores record high amounts of stock, then crime prevalence also increase. Home Office (1999) came up with a direct relationship between these two issues. They asserted the ratio of burglaries/theft to increases in stock is 2:1. This means that whenever stock levels increase by on percent, crime prevalence increases by double this amount. Burglaries and theft can also be associated with gender. Surveys conducted by the Home Office (1999) indicate that crime prevalence tends to increase when the number of males increases. This is especially so when these youth belong to the masculine gender. Their statistics show that when males older than fifteen and younger than twenty increase by one percent, then crime prevalence in the region increases by a similar percentage. However, some criminologists have argued that the converse is also true. When there is a rose in the number of older people within any one region, then chances are that there will be greater levels of crime again. This is because an older generation is quite venerable to attack and they provide fertile grounds for crime victimization. Social factors that effect crime It is important to note that the most important features here include; Technology Lifestyles Popular culture Society's drug patterns are constantly changing. In the past psychologists used the drug popularly called ecstasy during marriage counselling. However, society has changed all these. Young people now take the drug as a form of recreation. One can make the same assumption about the drug Viagra. This means that many young people no

Select ONE theme presented on the module. Explain why you think this Essay

Select ONE theme presented on the module. Explain why you think this theme is important in organisational life using examples fr - Essay Example Therefore, experts argue that although work has various beneficial attributes, it may have negative influences on the workforce and overall productivity of the organization. Both the adverse and negative impacts of work are closely associated with the private life of workers. While work life may influence private life, the contrary is true, as well. Private life experiences can also affect work in either adverse or positive manner. The discussion will investigate the benefits of balancing between private and work life in the profitability of the organization and workers’ satisfaction and comfort. Discussion It is most rational to consider that various employees strive towards attaining happiness, better health and productive private and work lives. To increases, the probability of attaining satisfaction, privates and work live must be stabilized, (Lewis, Brannen and Nilsen, 2009, p. 48). Work and private life balance is a subset of private life and work life equilibrium and su ggests that employees are satisfied in both aspects of life. Private and work life interface is mainly explained as a circle of social tasks, which are linked to these crucial life aspects. It is rather obvious that attaining equilibrium amid these diverse life aspects reflects a progressive and complex effort. The outcome of these efforts is a vibrant stability that entails managing challenges, stress or constraints within the work and private life context, (Schulz, 2010, p. 50). A different perspective of looking at the situation is to consider the stability between the two aspects as a result of managing private life-work challenges. Work-life stability implies sustaining effective and healthy workstation that allows workforce to strike a balance between employments responsibilities and private tasks, and thus reinforce worker allegiance and productivity, (Lomas, 2005, p. 63). Sociological studies reveal that two in eight workers experience increased levels of struggle between pr ivate and work life oriented on private life-to-work interruption and parental constraint. If task burden is added, then more than 62% of workers interviewed suffer private life and work struggles. Of all the employment aspects that affect family-work challenge, the number of hours spend in the office is the extensive and most persistent aspect, (Drobnic? and Guille?n, 2011, p 45). The increased levels of work to life challenges reported by administrators and executives often are a production of their prolonged stay in the offices. Additional factors include security of job, managers or supervisors’ support, ambiguity or complexity of work role, work dissatisfaction and enormous utilization of communication techniques, which shapes the precincts between private life and work. In the modern world, today, employees have various conflicting roles like work, kids, household chores volunteering activities, aged and kin parent attention and mounts stress on people, societies and fa milies where people live. Similarly, these private life obligations and commitments mount stress on the overall commitment to work responsibilities and production of an organization, (Grossman and Chester, 1990, p. 82). In other words, work-family challenge is an adverse limitation that affects employees, their supervisors or managers,