Nixon's Counterterrorism Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nixon's Counterterrorism Policies - Essay Example It additionally investigated the execution of these exercises viably. It comprised of the Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Treasury, the Ambassador of the United Nations, the executive of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency and Assistant to the President for National Security undertakings (Crenshaw n.p.). Two episodes which set off the arrangement of this panel occurred in the mid 1970’s which prompted the improvement of the cutting edge counterterrorism approaches. One happened at the Munich Olympics in September 1972 by the Black September Organization, slaughtering around 11 Israeli competitors. Another instance of fear mongering led by a similar association happened through hijacking which occurred in Khartoum and the quick death of US Ambassador and his Deputy Chief Commission alongside a Belgian negotiator (Naftali 33). This was a definitive case which persu aded President Nixon to make solid move against psychological oppression. The unmistakable dangers to the US national security were the principle focal point of Nixon’s strategy. ... When it got down to Clinton, he guaranteed his arrangements stood apart from his ancestors. Another point was to diminish the pressure in the Middle East between the Israeli and Arab world. Nixon had alloted the duties of counterterrorism to his old companion William Roger (Alexander xix). Middle Easterners were in a characteristic clash with the United States for its help for the Israel cause. Since the time the Six Day War of 1967, the Palestinians’ disdain became more grounded and they took wild measures as psychological militant acts. The instance of Jordan in 1970 was one of extraordinary worry for the Western world. The destruction of the Fatah-drove Palestinians offered ascend to the development of the association of Black September which split away from PLO willingly and kept on including in radical acts over the globe. The primary concern while battling against these psychological militants powers for the US was the intricate system which could catch their Embassy in Jordan. The US paratroopers were brought to caution positions and hold onto the International Airport if fundamental. This was the main exercise they got in managing the fear mongers (Naftali 54). The presidents were pressurized to keep up their total consideration on the issue of fear mongering. In spite of the fact that they put forth a valiant effort, their goals and activities were never completely actualized by the concerned administrations. In 1981 the call to build up a clearinghouse of insight by Vice President George H.W. Shrubbery went unheard. The National Security Decision Directive 138 was given by Reagan’s organization in 1984 firmly censuring any demonstration of fear based oppression expressing that such exercises would not go on without serious consequences by the United States (Crenshaw 2005). Nixon utilized a few stages as a move towards counterterrorism which

Case WriteUp for Sunshine Foods Marketing

To start with, their saying: â€Å"As long as new items seem as though they will build the company’s deals volume, they are presented. † This is making the organization take on an excessive number of items that don’t increment their incomes. It extends them to far and makes them excessively nonexclusive. Second, adding more items to utilize the unused zones of creation. They have to do a cost examination to check whether utilizing that unused creation time has any cost/income advantage. Because it is unused doesn’t imply that it will create more cash in the event that it is utilized. Third, their agreement expresses a merchant needs to convey at any rate 65 Sunshine Food things. This powers just enormous merchants to convey their things, which constrains their market region. By constraining their market zone to just enormous merchants they can't have value control and they are continually going up against the entirety of different brands that the store conveys. Sunshine’s absence of development is fundamentally brought about by their absence of specialization. In the event that they can and freeze everything and anything, at that point a shopper doesn’t consider them to be being â€Å"the best† in any item. Their absence of venture into littler stores is likewise keeping down their development. High overhead expenses are made by Sunshine’s need to utilize each second of processing plant time. This is making them spend an excessive amount to make an item that profits practically nothing. On the off chance that their production lines have that much unused time they should simply close a couple of plants and spotlight on what is extremely significant. Proposals I would suggest that they initially do a cost examination on the items that they are delivering. This will permit them to see which items sell the most and make the best yield. When they know this data they have to deliver a greater amount of those things and quit creating the things that aren’t helping their primary concern. Alongside this, they will have the option to distinguish which processing plants are the most proficient at delivering those things. They would then be able to close the more slow manufacturing plants and utilize the cash to make the rest of the production lines increasingly proficient. I would then have them change their agreement to an a lot more modest number of things for stores to convey. On the off chance that they bring down their number to 25 things, at that point they could sell things in more boutique shops that will have lower rivalry and more significant expenses. To truly build their benefits they should pick a couple â€Å"specialty† things and market themselves as having the best in those things. This will assist them with making to a greater degree a brand name, particularly in the event that they sell those things in the boutique shops. Case WriteUp for Sunshine Foods Marketing In the first place, their witticism: â€Å"As long as new items seem as though they will build the company’s deals volume, they are presented. † This is making the organization take on such a large number of items that don’t increment their incomes. It extends them to far and makes them excessively conventional. Second, adding more items to utilize the unused territories of creation. They have to do a cost investigation to check whether utilizing that unused creation time has any cost/income advantage. Because it is unused doesn’t imply that it will produce more cash on the off chance that it is utilized. Third, their agreement expresses a merchant needs to convey in any event 65 Sunshine Food things. This powers just huge merchants to convey their things, which restricts their market zone. By restricting their market region to just enormous food merchants they can't have value control and they are continually going up against the entirety of different brands that the store conveys. Sunshine’s absence of development is essentially brought about by their absence of specialization. In the event that they can and freeze everything and anything, at that point a shopper doesn’t consider them to be being â€Å"the best† in any item. Their absence of venture into littler stores is additionally keeping down their development. High overhead expenses are made by Sunshine’s need to utilize each second of production line time. This is making them spend a lot to make an item that profits practically nothing. On the off chance that their manufacturing plants have that much unused time they should simply close a couple of industrial facilities and spotlight on what is extremely significant. Suggestions I would suggest that they initially do a cost investigation on the items that they are delivering. This will permit them to see which items sell the most and make the best yield. When they know this data they have to deliver a greater amount of those things and quit creating the things that aren’t helping their main concern. Alongside this, they will have the option to recognize which industrial facilities are the most effective at delivering those things. They would then be able to close the more slow manufacturing plants and utilize the cash to make the rest of the industrial facilities progressively effective. I would then have them change their agreement to an a lot more modest number of things for stores to convey. On the off chance that they bring down their number to 25 things, at that point they could sell things in more boutique shops that will have lower rivalry and more significant expenses. To truly expand their benefits they should pick a couple â€Å"specialty† things and market themselves as having the best in those things. This will assist them with making to a greater degree a brand name, particularly on the off chance that they sell those things in the boutique shops.

Upcoming Books to Watch Out For According to Roxane Gay

Upcoming Books to Watch Out For According to Roxane Gay Objectively speaking, Roxane Gay is the coolest person alive. Her books are incredible, shes a genius, shes funny, she plays competitive Scrabble, and best of all, she engages with readers and other writers regularly on social media. If you arent already following Roxane Gay on Twitter and Goodreads, I recommend you fix that immediately. If youre a Roxane Fan, you know that she is impossibly productive. Last year alone, she published two critically-acclaimed books (Difficult Women and Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body), as well as writing infinite brilliant essays, short fiction, and book and TV reviews. In addition to all of this, she finds time to read tons of books and share her thoughts on Goodreads. Does she sleep? No. via Ask the Author on Goodreads So without further ado, check out these 2018 upcoming books to watch out for according to Roxane Gay on Goodreads. Goodbye, Sweet Girl: A Story of Domestic Violence and Survival Goodbye, Sweet Girl: A Story of Domestic Violence and Survival (June 5, 2018, Harper) by Kelly Sundberg is a brave and haunting memoir of a violent marriage and the struggle to leave an abusive partner. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars It is a hell of a thing to write about brutality and suffering with strength, grace, generosity and beauty. That’s precisely what Kelly Sundberg has done in her gripping memoir about marriage and domestic violence. Sundberg’s honesty is astonishing, how she laid so much of herself bare, how she did not demonize a man who deserves to be demonized. Instead, she offers a portrait of a broken man and a broken marriage and an abiding love, what it took to set herself free from it all. In shimmering, open hearted prose, she shows that it took everything. Also Caleb is trash. Fuck him. wade in the water Wade in the Water (April 3, 2018, Graywolf Press) is the newest poetry collection by U.S. Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith. In this work, she explores what it is to be a citizen, a mother, and an artist in todays America. Roxane says: 4/5 Stars I mean, shes the poet laureate for a reason. These are beautiful poems. I particularly enjoyed the erasure poems of black civil war soldiers seeking compensation. On a craft level, these poems are impeccable. They didnt have the emotional resonance I often look for in poetry but I know brilliance when I read it and this book is brilliant. Now My Heart is Full Now My Heart is Full (July 24, 2018, Penguin Books) by Laura June is a moving memoir about Junes experience as the daughter of an alcoholic and borderline abusive mother, and how it affects her relationship with her own daughter. Roxane says: 4/5 Stars Sometimes, a book swells into something far lovelier than you assume it will be. Laura June’s warm and moving Now My Heart is Full is one such unforgettable book. What seems like a straightforward memoir about motherhood slowly, carefully, becomes so much more. This, is the story of how the daughter of an alcoholic mother becomes a motherless mother and reconciles the ways she was loved, the ways she was hurt and how the birth of her own daughter allowed her heart to finally grow full. There is no maudlin sentimentality here. Instead, Laura June writes with wit and melancholy, unabashed joy and tenderness. Imagine my surprise, when I reached the end, and found myself in tears. The Wedding Date The Wedding Date (January 30, 2018, Berkley) by Jasmine Guillory is a romance novel about high-powered professionals Alexa and Drew. The book begins when the two find themselves stuck on an elevator together and Alexa agrees to attend a wedding as Drews fake girlfriend, leading to a long-distance dating disaster. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars What a charming, warm, sexy gem of a novel. I couldn’t put The Wedding Date down. I love a good romance and this delivered from the first page to the last. Alexa Monroe is a great heroineâ€"smart, funny, and full of the anxieties women know intimately. And when she meets the handsome doctor Drew Nichols in an elevator, it’s the beginning of an adventure in falling in like and then lust and then love. It was also nice to read a fun novel about an interracial relationship. One of the best books I’ve read in a while. Oh. One weird thing. The characters ate CONSTANTLY. Like it’s kind of hilarious how much they eat. Heart Berries: A Memoir Heart Berries (February 6, 2018, Counterpoint) is a memoir in the form of essays by Terese Marie Mailhot. It explores Mailhots dysfunctional upbringing on the Seabird Island Indian Reservation in the Pacific Northwest, trauma, family, and her search for meaning. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars Heart Berries by Terese Mailhot is an astounding memoir in essays. Here, is a wound. Here is need, naked and unapologetic. Here is a mountain woman, towering in words great and small. She writes of motherhood, loss, absence, want, suffering, love, mental illness, betrayal, and survival. She does this without blinking but to say she is fearless would be to miss the point. These essays are too intimate, too absorbing, too beautifully written, but never ever too much. What Mailhot has accomplished in this exquisite book is brilliance both raw and refined, testament. The Belles The Belles (February 6, 2018, Disney-Hyperion) by Dhonielle Clayton is the first of a new young adult fantasy series. It is set in the extravagant world of  Orléans, where a small class of Belles control the highly prized commodity of Beauty. Roxane says: 4/5 Stars I am guessing this is the first book in a series? A trilogy? All I know is that I want to know what happens next. The Belles is richly, gorgeously detailed in the accounting of the world of Orléans and the Belles, young women who are bred to create beauty amongst the citizenry. It took a bit to get into the book but the last third of the book is absolutely worth the world and character building it takes to get there. In the last third of the book, everything starts falling into place exquisitely and we finally begin to realize whats at stake for Camellia, her sister Belles, and the people of Orléans. At times, I was overwhelmed by all the description and struggled for a solid sense of place or what things looked like but that is likely my limitation. There is a really intriguing twist, a subtle romantic plot, and lots of moments where I found myself holding my breath and turning the pages so fast, wondering what would happen next. I really look forward to the next book in this seri es. Also, I want a teacup elephant. Meanwhile, Dhonielle Clayton is a whipsmart writer with grand, grand talents and the imaginative world she has created is memorable and intriguing, indeed. This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America (January 30, 2018, Harper Perennial) is an essay collection by Morgan Jerkins. It includes Jerkinss astute commentary on racism, feminism, pop culture, and more. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars In Morgan Jerkins’ remarkable debut essay collection This Will Be My Undoing, she is a deft cartographer of black girlhood and womanhood. From one essay to the next, Jerkins weaves the personal with the public and political in compelling, challenging ways. Her prodigious intellect and curiosity are on full display throughout this outstanding collection. The last line of the book reads, You should’ve known I was coming, and indeed, in this, too, Jerkins is prescient. With this collection, she shows us that she is unforgettably here, a writer to be reckoned with. Find more book recommendations from Roxane Gay on Book Riot and on Gays Tumblr.

Upcoming Books to Watch Out For According to Roxane Gay

Upcoming Books to Watch Out For According to Roxane Gay Objectively speaking, Roxane Gay is the coolest person alive. Her books are incredible, shes a genius, shes funny, she plays competitive Scrabble, and best of all, she engages with readers and other writers regularly on social media. If you arent already following Roxane Gay on Twitter and Goodreads, I recommend you fix that immediately. If youre a Roxane Fan, you know that she is impossibly productive. Last year alone, she published two critically-acclaimed books (Difficult Women and Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body), as well as writing infinite brilliant essays, short fiction, and book and TV reviews. In addition to all of this, she finds time to read tons of books and share her thoughts on Goodreads. Does she sleep? No. via Ask the Author on Goodreads So without further ado, check out these 2018 upcoming books to watch out for according to Roxane Gay on Goodreads. Goodbye, Sweet Girl: A Story of Domestic Violence and Survival Goodbye, Sweet Girl: A Story of Domestic Violence and Survival (June 5, 2018, Harper) by Kelly Sundberg is a brave and haunting memoir of a violent marriage and the struggle to leave an abusive partner. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars It is a hell of a thing to write about brutality and suffering with strength, grace, generosity and beauty. That’s precisely what Kelly Sundberg has done in her gripping memoir about marriage and domestic violence. Sundberg’s honesty is astonishing, how she laid so much of herself bare, how she did not demonize a man who deserves to be demonized. Instead, she offers a portrait of a broken man and a broken marriage and an abiding love, what it took to set herself free from it all. In shimmering, open hearted prose, she shows that it took everything. Also Caleb is trash. Fuck him. wade in the water Wade in the Water (April 3, 2018, Graywolf Press) is the newest poetry collection by U.S. Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith. In this work, she explores what it is to be a citizen, a mother, and an artist in todays America. Roxane says: 4/5 Stars I mean, shes the poet laureate for a reason. These are beautiful poems. I particularly enjoyed the erasure poems of black civil war soldiers seeking compensation. On a craft level, these poems are impeccable. They didnt have the emotional resonance I often look for in poetry but I know brilliance when I read it and this book is brilliant. Now My Heart is Full Now My Heart is Full (July 24, 2018, Penguin Books) by Laura June is a moving memoir about Junes experience as the daughter of an alcoholic and borderline abusive mother, and how it affects her relationship with her own daughter. Roxane says: 4/5 Stars Sometimes, a book swells into something far lovelier than you assume it will be. Laura June’s warm and moving Now My Heart is Full is one such unforgettable book. What seems like a straightforward memoir about motherhood slowly, carefully, becomes so much more. This, is the story of how the daughter of an alcoholic mother becomes a motherless mother and reconciles the ways she was loved, the ways she was hurt and how the birth of her own daughter allowed her heart to finally grow full. There is no maudlin sentimentality here. Instead, Laura June writes with wit and melancholy, unabashed joy and tenderness. Imagine my surprise, when I reached the end, and found myself in tears. The Wedding Date The Wedding Date (January 30, 2018, Berkley) by Jasmine Guillory is a romance novel about high-powered professionals Alexa and Drew. The book begins when the two find themselves stuck on an elevator together and Alexa agrees to attend a wedding as Drews fake girlfriend, leading to a long-distance dating disaster. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars What a charming, warm, sexy gem of a novel. I couldn’t put The Wedding Date down. I love a good romance and this delivered from the first page to the last. Alexa Monroe is a great heroineâ€"smart, funny, and full of the anxieties women know intimately. And when she meets the handsome doctor Drew Nichols in an elevator, it’s the beginning of an adventure in falling in like and then lust and then love. It was also nice to read a fun novel about an interracial relationship. One of the best books I’ve read in a while. Oh. One weird thing. The characters ate CONSTANTLY. Like it’s kind of hilarious how much they eat. Heart Berries: A Memoir Heart Berries (February 6, 2018, Counterpoint) is a memoir in the form of essays by Terese Marie Mailhot. It explores Mailhots dysfunctional upbringing on the Seabird Island Indian Reservation in the Pacific Northwest, trauma, family, and her search for meaning. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars Heart Berries by Terese Mailhot is an astounding memoir in essays. Here, is a wound. Here is need, naked and unapologetic. Here is a mountain woman, towering in words great and small. She writes of motherhood, loss, absence, want, suffering, love, mental illness, betrayal, and survival. She does this without blinking but to say she is fearless would be to miss the point. These essays are too intimate, too absorbing, too beautifully written, but never ever too much. What Mailhot has accomplished in this exquisite book is brilliance both raw and refined, testament. The Belles The Belles (February 6, 2018, Disney-Hyperion) by Dhonielle Clayton is the first of a new young adult fantasy series. It is set in the extravagant world of  Orléans, where a small class of Belles control the highly prized commodity of Beauty. Roxane says: 4/5 Stars I am guessing this is the first book in a series? A trilogy? All I know is that I want to know what happens next. The Belles is richly, gorgeously detailed in the accounting of the world of Orléans and the Belles, young women who are bred to create beauty amongst the citizenry. It took a bit to get into the book but the last third of the book is absolutely worth the world and character building it takes to get there. In the last third of the book, everything starts falling into place exquisitely and we finally begin to realize whats at stake for Camellia, her sister Belles, and the people of Orléans. At times, I was overwhelmed by all the description and struggled for a solid sense of place or what things looked like but that is likely my limitation. There is a really intriguing twist, a subtle romantic plot, and lots of moments where I found myself holding my breath and turning the pages so fast, wondering what would happen next. I really look forward to the next book in this seri es. Also, I want a teacup elephant. Meanwhile, Dhonielle Clayton is a whipsmart writer with grand, grand talents and the imaginative world she has created is memorable and intriguing, indeed. This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America (January 30, 2018, Harper Perennial) is an essay collection by Morgan Jerkins. It includes Jerkinss astute commentary on racism, feminism, pop culture, and more. Roxane says: 5/5 Stars In Morgan Jerkins’ remarkable debut essay collection This Will Be My Undoing, she is a deft cartographer of black girlhood and womanhood. From one essay to the next, Jerkins weaves the personal with the public and political in compelling, challenging ways. Her prodigious intellect and curiosity are on full display throughout this outstanding collection. The last line of the book reads, You should’ve known I was coming, and indeed, in this, too, Jerkins is prescient. With this collection, she shows us that she is unforgettably here, a writer to be reckoned with. Find more book recommendations from Roxane Gay on Book Riot and on Gays Tumblr.

Effects Of Fracking On The Environment And Human Health

As nations search for less carbon intensive forms of energy the demand for gas has grown rapidly worldwide in recent years. This significant increase in demand has led to a boom in world gas prices. In Australia, there are large reserves of unconventional natural gas compared to conventional natural gas. However, according to the Bureau of Resource and Energy Economics (BREE) there is enough conventional natural gas in Australia to supply all of Australia at current levels for more than 6130 years. Fracking extracts hydrocarbons from previously inaccessible sources of oil and gas using hydraulically pressurised liquid to fracture rock and release gas trapped in coal seams (Hester, R Harrison, R). This gas was once unprofitable because†¦show more content†¦Can contaminate groundwater that local landowners that farmers and local communities need. Gas leaks that may damage local fauna and flora and could have detrimental effects on the native wildlife. Takes an enormous amount of water (8 million gallons) to complete each fracturing job. Seismic surveying needs to be undertaken to determine where resources lie, seismic surveying has a detrimental impact on ecosystems – weed spreading, land clearing, dividing up and disturbing landscapes for access roads. Major reasons for water contamination from shale gas fracking operations: Well casing failure due to corrosion or faulty construction. Disposal of fracking â€Å"flowback† fluids, the water mixed with fracking chemicals must be store and then disposed of after the fracking of each gas well. Storage and disposal of used fracking fluids can contaminate surface and/or ground water. Emissions happen at point of both extraction, combustion and processing of the gas. Gas fracking releases methane into the atmosphere which is a powerful greenhouse gas. The health impacts The chemicals used in fracking are of concern. Current lack of research in this area. National Toxics Network produced a statement saying that â€Å"Our investigation found that of 23 common fracking chemicals used in Australia, only 2 have ever been assessed.

The Hunt For Witches By William Golding - 1513 Words

The Hunt for Witches In 1692, Puritans practiced purity, worked hard and believed that God was the center of everything. The children were to be obedient to their parents and follow the ways of â€Å"pureness† outlined before them. They were to serve God and not participate in any form of witchcraft. The Puritans believed that anything that happened was either an act of God or the devil. However, the children loved the stories told by Tituba, a Barbadian slave, belonging to Reverend Parris and dancing around the fire. The stories and the dancing went against everything that the Puritans stood for and when the girls were caught breaking the rules, they had to cover themselves from punishment. When the young girls became â€Å"ill† from being†¦show more content†¦Abigail Williams, and other young girls began showing signs that they were infected by witchcraft. To prevent from getting in trouble for participating in the stories and dancing around the fire, the gi rls through fits and screamed uncontrollably. Once Mr. and Mrs. Putnam state their belief that their daughter Ruth is ill from witchcraft, Salem began its witch hunt. The Puritans could not stand by and watch the devil invade their town or their children. They had to rid the town of the impurities. Longing for freedom, Tituba decided that she would confess to being a witch. She named Sarah Good, Sarah Osborn, and others of being witches. Still wanting to protect themselves from engaging in impurity, the girls confirm Tituba’s story. Although the girls did the majority of the accusing, some adults accused others of witchcraft. Mr. Putnam also accused Sarah Good and Sarah Osburn of being witches. He also accused Rebecca Nurse and George Jacobs. Mr. Putnam wanted to gain land from the accused. Abigail also accused Mrs. Proctor of being a witch, in revenge for firing her for having an affair with John Proctor. Salem was in an uproar. Reverend John Hale, an expert on witchcraft, was called in to help flush out the witches. Judge Hathorne and Judge Danforth presided over the witch trials. More people were accused of being witches, including Sarah Good’s four-year-old daughter. Many of the accused witches confessed to being witches.

The Keystone Pipeline Is A Pipeline - 2205 Words

The Keystone Pipeline The Keystone Pipeline is a pipeline based in Alberta, Canada that transfers up to 830,000 barrels of oil into the United States daily. The pipe is 1,179 miles long, ending in Steele city, Nebraska. Although about 61 percent of Americans approve the pipeline, there are many environmentalists and other U.S citizens who are against the pipeline and the dangers that may come from it and the effects it could have. Supporters of the pipeline claim that it could create thousands of jobs for the unemployed. It would also increase the security for the Gulf Coast and create a safer way of transporting oil. The environmentalists that are against the pipeline claim that it could increase global warming and damage the†¦show more content†¦Most construction workers are already employed, but look for other jobs to continue their work. This could mean that although there are many jobs available, many of those could be taken by Americans who are already working, not just unemployed Americans. Economist claim that since the United States depends on oil so much, this project would definitely be a huge asset to the country. Right now, oil is usually transferred using the railing system. There have been many accidents involving trains with oil, which have caused explosions, fire and in turn, death. Economists argue that the pipeline would be the safest way to transport the oil without the dangers of trains. Hundreds of activists have rallied all over the country to stop the approval of the pipeline, claiming that it is incredibly damaging to the environment. Most environmentalists argue that the pipeline will cause deforestation, oil spills and runoffs of toxins. Supporters of the pipeline claim that most of this could be managed with the right regulations and maintenance. Other pipelines have been known for success, although this one is quite bigger and has a larger impact on the environment. A problem that has been brought up to congress is clim ate change. With so much heat needed to separate the oil from the sand, there is about 17 percent more carbon dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere. Canada